tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21613719047711147252024-03-13T02:19:14.668+01:00Teaching English to Engineersnontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-4493797384678513912021-06-15T08:35:00.000+02:002021-06-15T08:35:42.096+02:007 Benefits of AI<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjTsCuDp28QHAbNPRBzXE2Ooj5-sBHMKGJbeCApeQgzOxMdVyQDH82dSbolzVO0EJ3iwY68r0OTH4-APp17KkleBA0r0W6hus1hqI66zgCoIs0ObxL8TlJiUqrCb6V2qtg6sOQpaxwpg/s225/Benefits+of+AI.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjTsCuDp28QHAbNPRBzXE2Ooj5-sBHMKGJbeCApeQgzOxMdVyQDH82dSbolzVO0EJ3iwY68r0OTH4-APp17KkleBA0r0W6hus1hqI66zgCoIs0ObxL8TlJiUqrCb6V2qtg6sOQpaxwpg/s0/Benefits+of+AI.png" /></a></div>A recent article on the interestingengineering.com website is a good example of the English style of persuasive essay: <i>7 Benefits of AI That Will Help Humanity, Not Harm It. </i>The author, Kashyap Vyas, presents the benefits of AI, while acknowledging the negative aspects.<p></p><p>Link to the article: <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/7-ways-ai-will-help-humanity-not-harm-it">https://interestingengineering.com/7-ways-ai-will-help-humanity-not-harm-it</a></p><p>The first paragraph is written in the classic style of English introductions. It starts with a sentence introducing the overall topic:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Artificial intelligence is an intriguing concept, and innovations in the field are growing by leaps and bounds.</li></ul>Then ends with a clear thesis statement that connects to the focus of the text:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The implications of AI -- both positive and negative -- have fascinated experts and amateurs alike for many years, but there are some great benefits of artificial intelligence that are perhaps not frequently considered.</li></ul><div>This is followed by a couple of paragraphs with general information about the growth and use of AI, including concession to the fears and negative aspects of its use.</div><div><br /></div><div>Then there is a rebuttal statement, leading to the description of the 7 benefits mentioned in the title:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Fears of the potentially darker side of AI are one thing, but they are balanced by some surprising potential benefits that AI and ML could be poised to deliver. Here are some of the most notable examples.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;">It ends with a clear concluding paragraph, with a final sentence that wraps up the main idea:</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>While there are some very real concerns around its development, AI could be the best thing since sliced bread if adopted properly.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">While the text is written in a less formal style than is required in most language courses, there are very useful phrases introducing opinion or argument as well as phrases of rebuttal and concession.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Some examples:</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>it is safe to say that ...</li><li>That being said,</li><li>Fears of ... are one thing, but they are balanced by ...</li><li>can help assist, rather than fully replace</li><li>One of the main benefits of ...</li><li>Such tasks, however, are perfectly suited for ...</li><li>Let's take the example of the banking sector</li><li>In fact, a recent survey of ... found ...</li><li>this field has already proved to be a very fruitful one</li><li>AI has ably demonstrated its utility in ...</li><li>However, what is usually ignored is the fact that ...</li><li>A persuasive example in this regard is ...</li><li>Needless to say, </li><li>this is actually potentially very beneficial</li><li>While there are some very real concerns about ..., AI could also open entirely new areas ...</li></ul>There are also some examples of common expressions in English, which the students should be aware of:</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>developing at (a) breakneck speed</li><li>growing by leaps and bounds</li><li>to come up with</li><li>put in the firing line</li><li>bridge the gap(s)</li><li>the genie cannot be put back in the bottle</li><li>that is your lot</li><li>the best thing since sliced bread</li></ul><div>Finally, there are many examples of preposition collocations, which I like to highlight for my students so that they can use them correctly in their own writing:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>focus <i>on</i></li><li>the implications <i>of</i></li><li>innovations <i>in </i>(the field)</li><li>the benefits <i>of</i></li><li>breakthroughs <i>in</i> (the field)</li><li>learn <i>for</i> themselves, <i>in</i> a very sophisticated manner</li><li>risks posed <i>by</i></li><li>detrimental <i>to</i></li><li>balanced <i>by</i></li><li>the bane <i>of</i></li><li>suited <i>for</i></li><li>take (full) advantage <i>of</i></li><li>reprieve <i>from</i></li><li>aim(ed) <i>at</i></li><li>incorporation <i>of</i></li><li>integrated <i>with</i></li><li>serious ethical issues to <i>work out</i></li><li>rely <i>on</i></li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div>In general, I found this article to be very useful for student discussion -- starting the lesson by asking for their ideas of the pros and cons of AI -- leading to suggestions for how to counterbalance two examples of advantage and disadvantage. The topic is relevant to just about every field of engineering (or to <i>all</i> fields of engineering), so that it is something the students already have ideas about. And since the text can be used as a model of how to structure an English-style persuasive essay, it can help students in their own writing.</div></div><p></p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-44296027270195203102021-05-11T08:05:00.000+02:002021-05-11T08:05:04.033+02:003D Augmented reality eye surgery<p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKD7pMwZJfdUh0gmrsc1wFiCWAxpSZTLSue9sFN7jnAa9Vk6PwnmLBc8ZDd5KmeUb5khVKs7kMlR_o1wI6RxG8ib-Dg4iww-qmZ4_4MrceBB_9qWHSv0-bKOK0-RrI1rcW2GTILY20Smc/s744/Eye+socket+surgery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="744" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKD7pMwZJfdUh0gmrsc1wFiCWAxpSZTLSue9sFN7jnAa9Vk6PwnmLBc8ZDd5KmeUb5khVKs7kMlR_o1wI6RxG8ib-Dg4iww-qmZ4_4MrceBB_9qWHSv0-bKOK0-RrI1rcW2GTILY20Smc/w320-h166/Eye+socket+surgery.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Galilee Medical Center</td></tr></tbody></table><br />In what is claimed to be a medical first, a team at the Galilee Medical Center in Nahariya, Israel, have performed eye socket surgery using 3D technology and augmented reality. An article from the <i>Interesting Engineering</i> website gives the information as a short text that is a good example of summarizing.</p><p>Link to article: <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/israel-carries-out-worlds-first-3d-ar-eye-socket-surgery">https://interestingengineering.com/israel-carries-out-worlds-first-3d-ar-eye-socket-surgery</a></p><p>The article includes a short process description ("How the team performed the surgery") of only 114 words. Embedded in the article is the post from the medical center's Facebook page, which reduces the process description to 18 words and the information about this surgery from 329 words to 74 words. This is a good example for students to practice summarizing the main information from an article and for discussing which information they would choose.</p><p>In the article, there are many phrases useful for indicating results:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>resulting in</li><li>which led to</li><li>as well as</li><li>as it resulted in</li><li>was then</li><li>and thus</li><li>ultimately</li><li>was then able to</li><li>all in all</li><li>in addition</li></ul><p></p><p>Particularly useful for my students is the use and collocation of adverbs, since they tend not to use adverbs in their writing.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>seriously injured</li><li>particularly accurate</li><li>accurately made</li><li>virtually and successfully placed over</li><li>successfully performed</li><li>optimally prepare</li></ul><p></p><p>The topic of the article was useful not only for my biomedical engineering students, but also for those studying computer software and information technology.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-29557148536672743952021-04-19T12:09:00.002+02:002021-04-19T12:09:44.889+02:00Origami robotic gripper<p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihg1RpCNbceJVmmhM8CgMKDTZrljDl6kknWBuSqjXq12v4Dpj9FCjuqZvqlv4a01PYU1ikZH9OD7ydWf8mdPFGPXoEwQcFWXr1zTayPw9UmIkBxp4dh3ITr9u43xo5r7WUuUeMyKfO9Cs/s900/Origami+gripper.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="900" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihg1RpCNbceJVmmhM8CgMKDTZrljDl6kknWBuSqjXq12v4Dpj9FCjuqZvqlv4a01PYU1ikZH9OD7ydWf8mdPFGPXoEwQcFWXr1zTayPw9UmIkBxp4dh3ITr9u43xo5r7WUuUeMyKfO9Cs/w320-h213/Origami+gripper.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: MIT CSAIL</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>A recent innovation by a team at MIT is a robotic gripper that can grasp both delicate and heavy objects. The article on MIT's information website includes a short process description, as well as vocabulary to describe advantages and disadvantages. Included on the side of the webpage is a list of Press Mentions, in which students can compare the information and the focus of interest. For example, some articles focus on the technology involved, others focus on the uses for this gripper, and one focuses on its commercial impact. In addition, there is a short video (1:57) showing the gripper in use. There is no narration, but there are short texts in various screen shots.</p><p>Link to article: <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2019/new-robot-hand-gripper-soft-and-strong-0315">https://news.mit.edu/2019/new-robot-hand-gripper-soft-and-strong-0315</a></p><p>The description of advantages and disadvantages are sometimes listed in direct contrast. For example:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Ball-shaped grippers, for example, can handle a wider range of objects than fingers, but still have the issue of limited angles. Softer robotic fingers typically use compressed air, but aren't strong enough to pick up heavier objects.</li></ul><p></p><p>There are phrases and intensifiers added for emphasis, which would be useful for students to notice so they can see how they are used. The addition of these terms makes a difference to the information given:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>...this task <b>remains</b> difficult for machines with rigid hands</li><li>They <b>tend to</b> work <b>only</b> in structured environments ... and <b>typically</b> can't cope with ...</li><li>...but they're <b>still</b> unable to handle large or heavy items.</li><li>...a new gripper that's <b>both</b> soft and strong</li><li>...to pick up items that are <b>as much as</b> 100 times its weight</li><li>This motion lets the gripper grasp a <b>much</b> wider range of objects -- such as soup cans, hammers, wine glasses, drones, and <b>even</b> a single broccoli floret.</li><li>Previous approaches to the packing problem could <b>only</b> handle <b>very</b> limited classes of objects</li><li>...but <b>still</b> have the issue of limited angles</li><li>...but aren't strong <b>enough</b> to pick up heavier objects</li></ul><div><br /></div>My favorite part of the article is two sentences that use many terms that relate to "hand," including idiomatic expressions:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>In recent years, though, roboticists have <b>come to grips with</b> this problem by making <b>fingers</b> out of soft, flexible materials like rubber. This pliability lets these soft robots <b>pick up</b> anything from grapes to boxes and empty water bottles, but they're still unable to <b>handle</b> large or heavy items. To <b>give</b> these soft robots <b>a bit of a hand</b>, researchers from MIT and Harvard University have developed a new <b>gripper</b> ...</li></ul><p></p><p>Students might be able to think of other idioms or expressions in English that use the word "hand" or "grip":</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>have your hands full</li><li>get out of hand</li><li>try your hand at</li><li>wash your hands of</li><li>change hands</li><li>be in good hands</li><li>get a grip on</li><li>lose your grip</li><li>etc.</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-90182145532063142032021-03-29T16:02:00.001+02:002021-03-29T16:02:59.804+02:003D Printing in construction<p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJA6a1D6G8S2Io3-nxwd7JkIBQPmF-1ojs4IBqDVF8uPaKeAB6gKC3SHMk2I4wiDiKU0Kj0Ux5w0su1hPBZdkkv-PASxsbMUKUUU19VQgCkRroUQ71euYxn4yOrx97WV6ba5uk9u4CUrM/s680/3D+Printing+in+Construction.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="680" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJA6a1D6G8S2Io3-nxwd7JkIBQPmF-1ojs4IBqDVF8uPaKeAB6gKC3SHMk2I4wiDiKU0Kj0Ux5w0su1hPBZdkkv-PASxsbMUKUUU19VQgCkRroUQ71euYxn4yOrx97WV6ba5uk9u4CUrM/w320-h240/3D+Printing+in+Construction.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Image from article</i></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>Students in various fields of engineering find 3D printing to be an extremely interesting innovation. In an article I use as a model text for explaining how something works, the focus is on how 3D printing could eventually be used in large-scale projects in the construction industry.</p><p>The article is <i>How to print a building: the science behind 3D printing in construction</i>, by Seyed Ghaffar, Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering and Environmental Materials, Brunel University London.</p><p>Link to the article: <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-print-a-building-the-science-behind-3d-printing-in-construction-98490">https://theconversation.com/how-to-print-a-building-the-science-behind-3d-printing-in-construction-98490</a></p><p>In addition to being an interesting topic for my students, the article has many language features that I guide them to incorporate into their own writing, especially when writing a process description.</p><p>The first sentence of the article gives an indication of the intended audience of the article:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It's often claimed that 3D printing -- <b>known in the trade as "additive manufacturing"</b> -- will change the way we live.</li></ul><p></p><p>I call students' attention to the use of the phrase in boldface -- obviously it is focusing on those who are not "in the trade." There are other indications in the article that it is written for a non-expert audience.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The simple approach of layer-wise construction -- <b>where building materials are layered on top of each other to create a facade</b> -- has already been practised for a long time in the construction sector, <b>for example in conventional brick layering techniques</b>.</li></ul><p></p><p>Here, a description of what "layer-wise construction is" and a specific example of where this has already been used in construction are further examples of audience focus.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>One component is printable feedstocks -- <b>the materials which are actually "printed" to create the final product</b>.</li></ul>And here, the term "feedstocks" is explained.<p></p><p>To describe how 3D printing could be used as well as what some of the problems are, there is language to present comparisons:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>But it's one thing to </b>build small, prototype homes in a park -- <b>it's quite another to</b> ...</li><li>Yet in some ways, <b>it's not as</b> ...</li><li>But there is <b>still some way to go before</b> ...</li><li>... can work faster -- <b>but it also</b> puts the feedstock at risk of ...</li><li><b>But before that can happen</b>, ...</li></ul><p></p><p>There is also language of cause and effect:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>so that</b> the layers can be deposited rapidly.</li><li><b>to achieve</b> a robust structure which can take load.</li><li>must be just right, <b>so that</b> ...</li><li>need to be formulated and developed, <b>so that</b> this technology ...</li><li>printer, which must have a power pump <b>to suit</b> ...</li><li>The speed and the size of the printer <b>is key to</b> ...</li><li>Decreasing the setting time of the feedstock <b>means that</b> the printer ...</li><li>a constant rate, <b>so that</b> the layers can ...</li></ul><p></p><p>The article has many examples of passive voice, which is contrasted with the use of the active voice; for example:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>To create materials for 3D printed constructions, <b>scientists must carefully control</b> <i>(active voice) </i>the setting time of the paste, the stability of the first few layers and the bonding between the layers. <b>The behaviour of the materials must be thoroughly investigated</b> <i>(passive voice) </i>under a range of conditions, to achieve a robust structure which can take load.</li></ul>Other examples of the passive voice:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><u>It's often claimed</u> that 3D printing -- <u>known in the trade as</u> "additive manufacturing"</li><li>... layer-wise construction -- where building materials <u>are layered</u> on top of each other to create a facade -- <u>has already been practised</u> for a long time</li><li>... to automate and improve processes that <u>have already been proven</u> manually. </li><li>... different components of additive manufacturing, each of which <u>must be developed and refined</u> before the process <u>can be successfully used</u> ...</li><li>... the materials <u>which are actually "printed"</u></li><li>Printable feedstocks <u>are typically made from</u> a combination of bulk materials</li><li>... so that the layers <u>can be deposited</u> rapidly.</li><li>... and don't stay wet for too long once <u>they have been deposited</u> to form a structure. Different grades of feedstock <u>need to be formulated and developed</u>, so that this technology <u>can be used to</u> build a range of different structural elements, ...</li><li>The pressure and flow rate of the printer <u>must be trialled</u> with different types of feedstocks.</li><li>Only then can the potential of 3D printing <u>be harnessed to</u> build faster, and more sustainably, than ever before.</li></ul><p></p><p>There is another useful contrast of vocabulary my students often have trouble with: the difference between <i>fewer</i> and <i>less</i> for count and non-count nouns in English:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>3D printing can produce up to 30% <b><i>less</i></b> material <b>waste</b>, use <b><i>less</i> energy</b> and <b><i>fewer</i> resources</b>, enable in-situ production (which in turn cuts transports costs), grant greater architectural freedom and generate <b><i>fewer</i></b> CO2 <b>emissions</b> over the entire lifecycle of the product.</li></ul><p></p><p>This sentence also has a variety of verb-noun collocations that are useful in technical writing:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>produce waste</li><li>use energy</li><li>use resources</li><li>enable production</li><li>cuts costs</li><li>grant freedom</li><li>generate emissions</li></ul><p></p><p>Other noun-verb collocations:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>announce plans</li><li>create a facade</li><li>automate processes</li><li>deliver on potential</li><li>set concrete</li><li>maintain shape</li></ul><p></p><p>As a quick wrap-up to the lesson, I had students highlight verbs they thought could be used in different types of technical writing. This helps them to realize that they already know "technical vocabulary" because these verbs are quite common. Here's the list they came up with:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>build</li><li>use</li><li>layer</li><li>create</li><li>practise</li><li>combine</li><li>automate</li><li>improve</li><li>produce</li><li>generate</li><li>develop</li><li>refine</li><li>mix</li><li>set</li><li>maintain</li><li>deposit</li><li>investigate</li><li>achieve</li><li>formulate</li><li>measure</li><li>speed up</li><li>slow down</li><li>optimise</li><li>fuse</li><li>take load</li><li>provide</li><li>revolutionise</li><li>harness</li></ul><div>Since many of these verbs are used more than once, students can notice the different collocations used for them -- verb-noun, verb-preposition, or adverb-verb.</div><div><br /></div><div>The article includes a link to a text on the Brunel University website for which Prof. Ghaffar is also an author: <i>Additive Manufacturing Technology in Construction (AMTC)</i>. This can serve an example of how some of the same informaiton is written for an expert audience.</div><div><br /></div><div>For example, information written first for the expert article, contrasted with the information from this (non-expert) article:</div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Additive manufacturing (AM) is a procedure that forms layers to create a three-dimensional solid object from a digital model.</li><li>The simple approach of layer-wise construction -- where building materials are layered on top of each other to create a facade, ...</li></ol></div><p></p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-32602943886978684832021-03-19T15:21:00.003+01:002021-03-19T15:21:29.200+01:00Impact of concrete<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVqmBJiOtw1Gm0QczQw48WoLQShmLbbsqLqPbrqHOzeShvBZ88729NQd-tW6jtUo_qqUFoOIqrulAIxDfMlsDdWiGfHGFQMkbY0HVelv4XSWk8-CfeU6kQ1Olnf3vs6HkUwXHG9kDJZVA/s1920/Concrete.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1920" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVqmBJiOtw1Gm0QczQw48WoLQShmLbbsqLqPbrqHOzeShvBZ88729NQd-tW6jtUo_qqUFoOIqrulAIxDfMlsDdWiGfHGFQMkbY0HVelv4XSWk8-CfeU6kQ1Olnf3vs6HkUwXHG9kDJZVA/s320/Concrete.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />My students learn impact analysis so they can understand the kind of impact their future innovations might have on the world someday as engineers -- including those impacts that were not intended. I have looked at this in a number of posts over the years. An article I used recently is about the impact of concrete: specifically, how concrete contributes to global warming.<div><br /></div><div>The article is <i>Feeling the Heat? Blame Concrete</i> and the subtitle is particularly eye-catching: <i>Concrete has transformed civilization -- but it's making our cities, and our world, hotter</i>. So it is clear that the article looks at both the pros and cons of concrete.</div><div><br /></div><div>Link to the article: <a href="https://time.com/5655074/concrete-urban-heat/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the-brief-pm&utm_content=20190820&xid=newsletter-brief">https://time.com/5655074/concrete-urban-heat/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the-brief-pm&utm_content=20190820&xid=newsletter-brief</a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">A non-narrated video (56 seconds) on the same site as this article starts: "July 2019 was the hottest July and the hottest month on record globally since temperature records began."</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">As an argumentative, or opinion, essay -- looking at the pros and cons, it is very well structured in the English style: </div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Introduction: topic and specific focus of topic</li><li>Advantages of concrete, with examples (2 paragraphs)</li><li>Disadvantages of concrete, with examples (9 paragraphs)</li><li>Conclusion: indication of future concerns</li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>This, then, serves as a good model text for English essay organization. Since the main focus of the disadvantages is on how concrete contributes to global warming, there is also information about how this occurs. This includes useful phrases and collocations relating to heat:</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>potency of heat waves</li><li>soaks up and retains the sun's heat</li><li>temperatures rise</li><li>magnify that effect</li><li>urban heat islands</li><li>the heat released by vehicle engines</li><li>boost the temperature</li><li>soaring (city) temperatures</li><li>a rapidly warming world</li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>A useful feature for argumentative essays is the use of comparisons that the audience will understand (many of these focus on an American audience):</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>If you've ever walked barefoot across a sunbaked parking lot, you know firsthand how concrete soaks up and retains the sun's heat.</li><li>Heat already kills more Americans than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes combined.</li><li>That's the equivalent of adding nine New York Cities to the planet every year.</li><li>... making it the third-largest source of global-warming, behind only coal-fueled power plants and combustion-engine vehicles.</li><li>... enough to blanket the entire state of California.</li><li>There is so much money to be made off of sand that in some countries, organized criminal gangs have moved into the business.</li><li>We tend to think of concrete as permanent as the stone it mimics. It's not.</li><li>America's dams are in similarly dismal shape.</li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>Since the argumentation consists of information about the impact of concrete, there are many examples of cause and effect (with useful phrases in bold):</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>When temperatures rise</b>, the countless miles of concrete streets, sidewalks, walls and roofs in cities <b>magnify that effect</b>, <b>creating a phenomenon known as</b> urban heat islands. <b>When combined with</b> the heat released by vehicle engines, paved areas <b>can boost</b> the temperature in cities <b>by as much as</b> 22°F, ...</li><li>The urban heat island effect <b>is ever more worrisome because more and more</b> people are moving into cities.</li><li>Concrete is essentially just sand and gravel glued together with cement. <b>To feed the</b> construction <b>industry's needs</b>, tens of billions of tons of sand are dug out of the earth each year, <b>enough to</b> blanket the entire state of California. <b>Much of it is dredged from</b> river beds, lake bottoms, and beaches. <b>The process often slaughters</b> river-dwelling fish and birds, <b>damages</b> coral reefs, <b>undermines </b>bridges and <b>causes</b> riverbanks to collapse.</li><li>There is <b>so much</b> money to be made off of sand <b>that</b> in some countries, organized criminal gangs have moved into the business.</li><li>Heat, cold, chemicals, salt, and moisture <b>all attack that</b> seemingly solid artificial stone, <b>working to weaken and shatter it</b> from within. <b>If it's not </b>monitored and maintained, <b>most</b> concrete <b>slowly</b> disintegrates.</li></ul>The final sentence is: "We can't stop using concrete completely; it's far too useful as a building material. But in a rapidly warming world, we need to start thinking about its true costs."</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">It would be interesting to see what engineering students would propose as a solution to this -- and it might depend on which field of engineering they are studying.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The author of the article is Vince Beiser, who is mentioned as the author of the book, <i>The World in a Grain: The Story of Sand and How It Transformed Civilization. </i>I haven't read this book, but it certainly sounds as if it is all about impact. Perhaps there are students or teachers who would be interested in reading it!</div>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-25623238440919942872021-03-12T10:12:00.000+01:002021-03-12T10:12:24.365+01:00How to launch a rocket from a plane<p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRj0PLGq84vnkK-St1-SauH9Teum8MNHNey6tMHlCDjzw8bEIO1nRi6CWO1p9wWF_m1XqTBypuq-KkiPI_teZhyphenhyphen9wlim3sqm_Iz0vfzGY7yd7EPtSj_jRhMSPPYC1Pm7lefc5B_rbt0gk/s600/Launching+rocket+from+plane.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="600" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRj0PLGq84vnkK-St1-SauH9Teum8MNHNey6tMHlCDjzw8bEIO1nRi6CWO1p9wWF_m1XqTBypuq-KkiPI_teZhyphenhyphen9wlim3sqm_Iz0vfzGY7yd7EPtSj_jRhMSPPYC1Pm7lefc5B_rbt0gk/w320-h181/Launching+rocket+from+plane.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Virgin Orbit / Greg Robinson</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>In January, the firm Virgin Orbit successfully launched a rocket from a plane. The LauncherOne rocket carried 10 of NASA's satellites and was brought 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) into the atmosphere by a modified Boeing 747. The article I used is called "<i>Virgin Orbit launched a rocket from a plane -- here's how</i>" by Simon Lindsay, a Researcher in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leicester. It describes how this was done -- clearly and concisely in the first 3 paragraphs -- and explains why this was an important development for space travel.</p><p>Link to the article: <a href="https://theconversation.com/virgin-orbit-launched-a-rocket-from-a-plane-heres-how-154207">https://theconversation.com/virgin-orbit-launched-a-rocket-from-a-plane-heres-how-154207</a></p><p>The explanation of how this was accomplished is an excellent example of a process description, which my students have to learn how to do in both writing and speaking. In addition, there are examples of making this explanation clear to a non-technical audience - and this is something I find useful to bring to students' attention so that they use it in their own explanations. For example:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Earlier this month, ten cubesats -- <b>small, cheap satellites weighing about a kilogram each</b> -- were sent into orbit around Earth.</li><li>With almost 1,500 of these small satellites launched so far, adding another ten <b>might seem trivial</b>. <b>But this was no ordinary launch</b>.</li><li>But <b>how does launching a rocket from a plane actually work</b>?</li><li>Usually, a rocket launched from a launch site on the ground will have two or three stages, <b>which allow the rocket to shed weight as it uses up fuel</b>.</li><li>... the payload -- <b>the part we want to get into space</b> -- ...</li><li>... but most of the fuel requirement to achieve orbit <b>is not in gaining height, but getting it moving with enough speed so that it falls into orbit</b>.</li><li>For small satellites, cubesats, micro-satellites and nano-satellites -- <b>all of which are being rapidly adopted by the space industry</b> -- air launches could represent ...</li><li><b>The idea of air launching has been around for some time</b>.</li><li>... which may be able to place smaller satellites -- <b>50 kg or so</b> -- into much more distant orbits ...</li></ul>In describing both the process and the advantages of this process, there is a variety of adverbs used, which combine to form useful collocations. My students either do not use many adverbs or they confuse their use with adjectives. But in the article, adverbs are used to be more precise, which is also something students should use in their own writing. Some examples:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>actually </i>work</li><li><i>typically </i>places (the noun)</li><li><i>repeatedly </i>delayed</li><li>can <i>simply </i>be flown</li><li>can <i>easily </i>be accommodated</li><li>a <i>relatively </i>small (noun)</li><li>being <i>rapidly </i>adopted by</li><li>an improvement in versatility and, <i>crucially</i>, cost</li><li>aims to <i>fully </i>combine (noun and noun)</li><li>an <i>increasingly </i>competitive market</li><li><i>relatively </i>low cost</li></ul>The next feature I highlight for my students is the use of "referents" -- words or phrases that refer to something already mentioned. In their writing, my students often keep repeating the same word, which produces an inelegant, repetitive text. I ask students to identify what a specific term refers to -- either in the same sentence or in a previous sentence -- so they can see how this can be done. In this article, there are many uses of "its," which helps students see how this word is used and (hopefully) how not to confuse it with "it's" (of which there is only 1 in the text). Some examples:<p></p><p>What does (italicized term) refer to in the following sentences:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The plane carried <i>them</i> to a height of 11km ...</li><li><i>This</i> was the first successful launch of Virgin Orbit's LauncherOne rocket, marking the start of <i>its</i> commercial ventures. <i>The company</i> hopes to ...</li><li>A third stage operatres on <i>the same principle</i> and ...</li><li>Air-launching takes advantage of <i>this</i> by attaching a rocket to an aircraft and releasing <i>it</i> ...</li><li>Stratolaunch, the developers of the enormous carrier aircraft of the same name able to carry a rocket weighing 250 tons, abandoned <i>its </i>heavy-lift launch vehicle program in 2019.</li><li>While the flight speed of an aircraft can make a small contribution to <i>this requirement</i>, the fuel saving from air launch is not as large as <i>it </i>might first appear.</li><li>The Pegasus launch service is still operational, and has completed 30 successful flights, but <i>its</i> launches are expensive ...</li></ul>While I like to focus on the useful language features of this article, my students are interested in the topic and the possibilities for the future.<p></p><div></div>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-83916506224941682212021-03-05T14:23:00.012+01:002021-03-05T14:35:07.512+01:00Engineering humor<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfO25LnKesvIXWauLv_7m2x4tqH_ROntJOV9dXubEHzjmJo5C1pTKyCRjR8h7cAEWBcTFC9W4UAlZkIMVWZoaXkfzVRjQhftr2CA3hssLinFxPBaQxHyclC53YhsXHuQaq6zcyvlvCrWY/s283/Engineers+laughing+2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfO25LnKesvIXWauLv_7m2x4tqH_ROntJOV9dXubEHzjmJo5C1pTKyCRjR8h7cAEWBcTFC9W4UAlZkIMVWZoaXkfzVRjQhftr2CA3hssLinFxPBaQxHyclC53YhsXHuQaq6zcyvlvCrWY/s0/Engineers+laughing+2.jpg" /></a></div><br />My material for classes with engineering students doesn't usually involve intentional humor, but after coming across various "engineer jokes" on the internet, I shared some of them with my students. It was not only a nice break during the lesson, but it also started discussions about aspects of engineering and/or cultural aspects of humor.<p></p><p>One of the first engineer jokes I remember hearing was:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>An optimist says the glass is half full, a pessimist says the glass is half empty, and an engineer says the glass is twice as big as it has to be.</li></ul>Do cultures other than English-language ones have the concept of the half-full (optimist) and half-empty (pessimist) glass? What are the different concepts that different cultures joke about - or would not joke about?<p></p><p>To bring some of these questions into lessons, I searched the internet for jokes specifically about engineers or engineering, and it turns out there are a lot of them! The first article I focused on was "<i>25 Best Engineering Jokes That Will Make Your Day Better,</i>" written by Christopher McFadden on the website <i>interestingengineering.com </i>(see my Relevant Links)<i>:</i></p><p><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/25-best-engineering-jokes-make-your-day-better ">https://interestingengineering.com/25-best-engineering-jokes-make-your-day-better </a><br /></p><p>Which jokes could be translated into students' language(s) and which are dependent on English language or English-culture ideas? For example, jokes that depend on puns for their humor cannot be directly translated into another language. One of the engineering jokes in the article puns with the words <i>four</i> and <i>for </i>and with <i>what </i>and <i>watt</i>:</p><p></p><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Customer: </b>Do you have any two-watt, 4-volt bulbs?</li><li><b>Sales Rep:</b> For what?</li><li><b>Customer:</b> No, two.</li><li><b>Sales Rep:</b> Two what?</li><li><b>Customer: </b>Yes.</li><li><b>Sales Rep:</b> No.</li></ul></div><div>Some jokes require certain technical knowledge to understand why it's intended to be funny. One joke in particular, referred to as "the most brilliant joke ever written," I didn't understand at all until my students explained it to me:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>One day, Einstein, Newton, and Pascal meet up and decide to play a game of "hide and seek." Einstein volunteered to go first. As he counted, Pascal ran away scrambling to find a great hiding place. Giddily, he squeezed into a crawl space sure that he would win this time, as this was his best hiding spot to date and Newton surely wouldn't find an equal. Newton, on the other hand, stood right in front of Einstein, pulled out a piece of chalk, and drew a box on the ground of roughly 1x1 meters. Once this was completed, he sat down neatly inside the box and waited for Einstein to finish counting. When Einstein opened his eyes, he of course saw Newton and with a bit of disappointment said, "I found you, Newton, you lose." But Newton repliced, "On the contrary, you are looking at one Newton over a square meter. Pascal loses!"</li></ul>If you don't understand the reason this is funny, I have given the reason at the end of this post.</div><div><br /></div><div>There are links to other websites with engineering jokes, and many of them are the same as in this article. What is interesting about the language is that there are certain "templates" to jokes in English that can be seen throughout the choices. Some examples from the jokes in this article:</div><div><br /></div><div><ul><li>An X, a Y and a Z (verb) ...</li><ul><li>A priest, a doctor and an engineer were waiting ...</li><li>An engineer, a statistician and a physicist are out hunting ...</li></ul><li>Or, a variant: Three Xs were (verb)</li><ul><li>Three engineering students were gathered together discussing ...</li></ul><li>Why did the X (verb)?</li><ul><li>Why did the engineering students leave class early?</li><li>Why does the Polish airline have ...?</li></ul><li>How many Xs does it take to change a lightbulb?</li><ul><li>How many nuclear engineers does it take to change a lightbulb?</li></ul><li>What's the difference between an X and a Y?</li><ul><li>What's the difference between an introverted and an extroverted engineer?</li></ul></ul>One of the jokes is a cartoon from the website XKCD, which I referred to in my post of June 7, 2013, titled <i>Cartoons for ESL. </i>The website is still current - and funny. Using humor in lessons can be an interesting change, and it breaks the stereotype of engineers as being humorless!</div><div><br /></div><div>* Because 1 Pascal = 1 Newton/m2</div><div><br /></div><p></p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-6901628931095438992021-02-26T10:46:00.000+01:002021-02-26T10:46:45.149+01:00Perseverance Mission landing<p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_7A3zHyiwdFWU7aL7qryT5ugY9PNjZvm8eXS3zZKDQK0mpSRexngAWkFYLuCtj-ADHw8dE51LfZ7bmDWK60qnQ4R-ttiUv8ks3SKHlg75q4BvcisUpeF12txKBeQxgkPBbo5BlhskV5g/s1139/Perseverance+Mission+parts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1139" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_7A3zHyiwdFWU7aL7qryT5ugY9PNjZvm8eXS3zZKDQK0mpSRexngAWkFYLuCtj-ADHw8dE51LfZ7bmDWK60qnQ4R-ttiUv8ks3SKHlg75q4BvcisUpeF12txKBeQxgkPBbo5BlhskV5g/w226-h320/Perseverance+Mission+parts.jpg" width="226" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: NASA/JPL-Caltech</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> This week - on 18 February 2021 - NASA's Perseverance Rover landed on Mars safely. There is so much information about this mission from many different sources that it is difficult to choose what to focus on with engineering students.</p><p> For my students, I chose materials from NASA's own website for the mission, which has further links to different asepcts of the mission and to information about Mars. The most attention-getting part is the video of the Perseverance landing, which was recorded by several high-definition cameras located under the spacecraft. </p><p>The video last 3:25 minutes; English subtitles of the audio embedded in the video are available.</p><p>Link to video: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-mars-perseverance-rover-provides-front-row-seat-to-landing-first-audio">https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-mars-perseverance-rover-provides-front-row-seat-to-landing-first-audio</a></p><p>As indicated in the accompanying text, Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA associate administrator for science, says, "This video of Perseverance's descent is the closest you can get to landing on Mars without putting on a pressure suit." He goes on to say, "It should become mandatory viewing for young women and men who not only want to explore other worlds and build the spacecraft that will take them there, but also want to be part of the diverse teams achieving all the audacious goals in our future."</p><p>The link to the pages about the Perseverance mission: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/perseverance">https://www.nasa.gov/perseverance</a></p><p>The website describes the landing and its challenges in a very clear way:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>"Entry, Descent, and Landing - often referred to as 'EDL' - is the shortest and most intense phase of the Mars 2020 mission. It begins when the spacecraft reaches the top of the Martian atmosphere, travelling nearly 12,500 miles per hour (20,000 kilometers per hour). It ends about seven minutes later, with Perseverance stationary on the Martian surface. To safely go from those speeds down to zero, in that short amount of time, while hitting a narrow target on the surface, requires 'slamming on the brakes' in a very careful, creative and challenging way."</li></ul>I felt the focus on "a very careful, creative and challenging way" of solving a technical problem would be particularly relevant to my students. And the way that the writing continues sounds like a personal conversation, so it was both easy and appealing for my students to read. The lower register terms they identified are underlined:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>"Landing on Mars <u>is hard</u>. Only about 40 percent of the missions ever sent to Mars - by any space agency - have been successful. Hundreds of <u>things</u> have to <u>go just right</u> during this <u>nail-biting drop</u>. <u>What's more</u>, Perseverance has to <u>handle</u> everything by itself. During the landing, it takes more than 11 minutes to get a radio signal back from Mars, so by the time the mission team hears that the spacecraft has entered the atmosphere, <u>in reality</u>, the rover is already on the ground. <u>So</u>, Perseverance is designed to complete the entire EDL process by itself - autonomously."</li></ul>The casual tone starts with a very basic sentence: Landing on Mars is hard. No scientific or technical language needed!<p></p><p>Since my students are generally interested in the technology created for the flight and the scientific mission, I also focused on the website page with an overview of the spacecraft:</p><p>Link: <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/overview/">https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/overview/</a></p><p>There are 5 spacecraft components (also see the visual accompanying this post):</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Cruise Stage</li><li>Backshell</li><li>Descent Stage</li><li>Rover</li><li>Heat Shield</li></ul>Each component is described briefly, indicating what its function is. For example, the text for Descent Stage:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>"The descent stage is the rover's free-flying 'jetpack,' which separates from the backshell and uses eight engines to slow the final descent. It also contains the landing radar system used to make last-minute decisions about touchdown. Just before touchdown, the descent stage lowers the rover on cables before gently placing it on the surface. Once the rover is on the ground, the descent stage flies off to make its own uncontrolled landing on the surface, a safe distance away from the rover."</li></ul>This page has a further link to the Rover, which is the component that my students are most interested in: <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/">https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/</a><p></p><p>The page downloads a 3D model of the Rover on which it's possible to zoom in, rotate, and mouse over each component to get a closer look and more information. The written information underneath the model compares the components to body parts enabling the rover to function for survival. It is a very good example of using comparisons that a non-technical audience would understand:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>"It is car-sized, about 10 feet long (not including the arm), 9 feet wide, and 7 feet tall (about 3 meters long, 2.7 meters wide, and 2.2 meters tall). But at 2,260 pounds (1,025 kilograms), it weighs less than a compact car. In some sense, the rover parts are similar to what any living creature would need to keep it 'alive' and able to explore."</li></ul>This comparison is continued in the brief description of the purpose of each part:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>body</b>: a structure that protects the rover's "<b>vital organs</b>"</li><li><b>brains</b>: computers to process information</li><li>temperature controls: internal heaters, a layer of insulation, and more</li><li>"<b>neck</b> and <b>head</b>": a mast for the cameras to give the rover a human-scale view</li><li><b>eyes</b> and <b>ears</b>: cameras and instruments that give the rover information about its environment</li><li><b>arm</b> and "<b>hand</b>": a way to extend its reach and collect rock samples for study</li><li>wheels and <b>legs</b>: parts for mobility</li><li>electrical power: batteries and power</li><li>communications: antennas for "<b>speaking</b>" and "<b>listening</b>"</li></ul>Clicking on each of the parts brings you to a separate page with more information about that particular part.<p></p><p>Finally, a further resource is a <b>Landing Toolkit</b> for educators: <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/landing/">https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/landing/</a></p><p>Much of the information was for use <i>before</i> the landing, but there are many more materials, and links with ideas for how to use them.</p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-42465290688161428812021-02-19T10:56:00.002+01:002021-02-19T14:52:53.960+01:00Five unusual technologies for water<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJkPVFoq6dLK5nYTK7MIIx3h_1fGs4lpzEhKjoTEbS3vJVi77kv4oWYJdOTt8XzypesY7t6Z0edvp7FgT9Qx0i2n25I8SGwsQBVqoJP5pkeFXUbN3D0o5F3zhW-m_k0MMsJ855sOgd718/s259/Water+scarcity.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJkPVFoq6dLK5nYTK7MIIx3h_1fGs4lpzEhKjoTEbS3vJVi77kv4oWYJdOTt8XzypesY7t6Z0edvp7FgT9Qx0i2n25I8SGwsQBVqoJP5pkeFXUbN3D0o5F3zhW-m_k0MMsJ855sOgd718/s0/Water+scarcity.jpg" /></a></div><br />An article written by Manzoor Qadir and Vladimir Smakhtin, Assistant Director and Director, respectively, of the Institute for Water, Environment and Health, United Nations University, reports 5 possible technologies for harvesting water in water-scarce areas of the world. There isn't much specific information about the technologies themselves, but the short description of each of the technologies includes a link to a scientific paper describing that process. These are probably too academic for many students, but the abstracts and conclusions give an overview of the information.<p></p><p>Link to the article: <a href="https://theconversation.com/five-unusual-technologies-for-harvesting-water-in-dry-areas-154031">https://theconversation.com/five-unusual-technologies-for-harvesting-water-in-dry-areas-154031</a></p><p>The 5 technologies, with part of their description from the article, are:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Catching fog:</b> Fog can be collected using a vertical mesh that intercepts the droplet stream. This water then runs down into a water collection, storage and distribution system.</li><li><b>Cloud seeding:</b> This technology involves dispersing small particles into clouds or in their vicinity. These particles act as a starting point for raindrops or ice crystals, promoting their formation. In turn, this makes it more likely to rain or snow.</li><li><b>Minimising evaporation:</b> There are two major types of micro-catchment rainwater harvesting systems. One is water harvesting via rooftop systems where runoff is collected and stored in tanks or similar devices. This water is used domestically or for livestock watering. The second is water harvesting for agriculture, which involves collecting the rainwater that runs off a catchment area in a small reservoir or in the root zone of a cultivated area.</li><li><b>Desalinating seawater: </b>The process of desalination removes salt from seawater or brackish groundwater to make them drinkable.</li><li><b>Iceberg harvesting:</b> Moving an iceberg across the ocean is technically possible, based on a theoretical four-part process. It would require locating a suitable source and supply, calculating the necessary towing power requirements, accurately predicting melting in transit, and estimating the economic feasibility of the entire endeavour.</li></ul>Students could discuss the pros and cons of each technology, rating them according to different factors; for example: practicality, impact, economy, timeframe, region, etc.<p></p><p>The first sentence of the article is: "Water scarcity is among the top five global risks affecting people's wellbeing." Students could brainstorm what they think the other four global risks are. The risks are divided into two types: risks in terms of likelihood and risks in terms of impact. So students could also rate their ideas according to those factors. The sentence contains a link to the World Economic Forum Global Risk Report 2020, so their answers can be compared to the list in the report. This is from that report:</p><p><i>The Top 5 Global Risks in Terms of Likelihood:</i></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Extreme weather</li><li>Climate action failure</li><li>Natural disasters</li><li>Biodiversity loss</li><li>Human-made environmental disasters</li></ul><i>The Top 5 Global Risks in Terms of Impact:</i><p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Climate action failure</li><li>Weapons of mass destruction</li><li>Biodiversity loss</li><li>Extreme weather</li><li>Water crises</li></ul><div>For the longer lists of global risks, in terms of likelihood and impact, here is the link to the entire report: <a href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risk_Report_2020.pdf">http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risk_Report_2020.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div>Since the article focuses on water issues, there is of course useful vocabulary for this field of study. The words and phrases can be focused on according to category, as I have listed them below, or noted in terms of word form (eg, noun vs verb: runoff - runs off; noun vs adjective: water scarcity - water-scarce areas).<p></p><div><b><i>Types of water:</i></b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>cloud water</li><li>desalinated water</li><li>drinking water</li><li>droplet stream</li><li>drought</li><li>freshwater</li><li>fog</li><li>groundwater</li><li>iceberg</li><li>municipal water supply</li><li>precipitation</li><li>polar ice caps</li><li>rainfall</li><li>runoff</li><li>seawater</li><li>water embedded in fog</li><li>water resources</li><li>water-scarce area</li></ul><b><i>Water verbs:</i></b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>absorbing (water)</li><li>dispersing (small particles)</li><li>evaporate</li><li>melting</li><li>runs off</li><li>(resources can be) tapped</li></ul><b><i>Technical terms:</i></b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>catchment</li><li>desalination</li><li>micro-catchment</li><li>rain enhancement</li><li>water cycle</li><li>water harvesting</li><li>water insecurity factors</li><li>water scarcity</li><li>water shortages</li></ul>If students do further work learning about any of these technologies and want to talk or write about them, then this vocabulary will certainly come in useful.</div>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-15790129925281061752021-02-12T09:58:00.006+01:002021-02-12T10:02:37.688+01:00Podcast: Why go to the moon?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOJOSB6G8ozWOS690shKPEUMcyBGYiz9v-jU7q5BJir1s9sJwx7K2xIaiXeNWbAb6Yx8lz_DUE3KrjCodp45kKAbnXh48gIjAMrAGjKhP8Mjq6R0ki2Samc8tVSowGczJUihFx38FdnCE/s259/Why+go+to+the+moon.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOJOSB6G8ozWOS690shKPEUMcyBGYiz9v-jU7q5BJir1s9sJwx7K2xIaiXeNWbAb6Yx8lz_DUE3KrjCodp45kKAbnXh48gIjAMrAGjKhP8Mjq6R0ki2Samc8tVSowGczJUihFx38FdnCE/s0/Why+go+to+the+moon.jpg" /></a></div><br />In my last post (8 February: SpaceX vs Nasa to the moon), I wrote about an article comparing which rocket is most likely to get humans to the moon again. This post considers why humans want to go to the moon at all.<p></p><p>There is a podcast series of 5 episodes on <i>the conversation </i>website, called <b>To the Moon and Beyond</b>. Episode 4 is <b>"What's the point of going back to the moon?"</b> The podcast series was made in 2019, but the issues raised are still relevant.</p><p>Link to podcast 4: <a href="https://theconversation.com/to-the-moon-and-beyond-4-whats-the-point-of-going-back-to-the-moon-120791">https://theconversation.com/to-the-moon-and-beyond-4-whats-the-point-of-going-back-to-the-moon-120791</a></p><p>The short article accompanying the podcast gives an overview of the topics discussed and describes the episode:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>"In the fourth episode of The Conversation's <i>To the moon and beyond podcast</i>, we delve into why there's a renewed drive to put humans back on the surface of the moon. What's there to go back for? And what are the practical, legal and ethical questions facing those who want to set up a base there -- and potentially start mining the moon?"</li></ul>The two hosts are Miriam Frankel (Science Editor at The Conversation) and Martin Archer (Space Plasma Physicist, Queen Mary University of London). The 5 scientists they interview are:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Frans von der Dunk, Professor of Space Law, University of Nebraska-Lincoln</li><li>Fréderic Marin, Chargé de recherche (CNRS) à l'Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg</li><li>Katherine Joy, Royal Society University Research Fellow/Reader, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester</li><li>Rowena Christiansen, Medical Education Tutor, Doctor and Researcher, University of Melbourne</li><li>Tanja Masson-Zwaan, Assistant Professor of Space Law at Leiden University in The Netherlands</li></ul><div><br /></div>The podcast lasts 35:58 minues, so it might be rather long for some students. All interviewees speak clearly, but there are a variety of accents (both English and non-native speaker) and various speaking tempos. However, students could listen to the podcast at home, so they can repeat as necessary or listen in shorter time sections.<p></p><p>The topics discussed include:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Which resources could potentially be found on the moon and which problems would there be with extraction;</li><li>Which laws exist, and which should be made, that govern who can mine lunar resources and how ownership would be determined;</li><li>The ethics involved in the abilities of different countries to travel to the moon;</li><li>The physical and psychological effects of being in low gravity, with extremely long days and nights;</li><li>Ways in which people could survive sustainably on the moon.</li></ul><div><br /></div>Unfortunately, there is no transcript available. If listening to the entire podcast for an assignment or task is too difficult for some groups, then the teacher could "divide" the podcast into separate sections, each one covering a different topic area. Then each student, or small groups, could be assigned a specific section to listen to and write a summary of the information, which could be made available to their colleagues. This way, each student would have an overview of the entire podcast.<p></p><p>If the topic of "to the moon and beyond" is interesting for the group, then students might want to choose another podcast in the series (each one is 30 to 34 minutes):</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>1: What we learned from landing on the moon and why we stopped going</li><li>2: How humanity reacted to the moon landing and why it led to conspiracy theories</li><li>3: The new space race and what winning it looks like</li><li>5: What space exploration will look like in 2069</li></ul>Link to the series overview: <a href="https://theconversation.com/uk/podcasts/moon-and-beyond ">https://theconversation.com/uk/podcasts/moon-and-beyond </a><p></p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-48371026925390954172021-02-08T12:32:00.007+01:002021-02-08T12:43:54.337+01:00SpaceX vs Nasa to the moon<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_mHO5I_ttcUN3ap47kX9_Z8yjRmbVtYYI7KfVa_jLO0HmWkVPgOGF4Bhgb2Q1lV6n_jvAz787ID5HvUHWxL1RONyyGLkqOPQPP5lZS47lo62d7lNyX8AhnW4g96ILNcLLsmI7O0T_WA0/s600/SpaceX+vs+Nasa.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Image from article" border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="600" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_mHO5I_ttcUN3ap47kX9_Z8yjRmbVtYYI7KfVa_jLO0HmWkVPgOGF4Bhgb2Q1lV6n_jvAz787ID5HvUHWxL1RONyyGLkqOPQPP5lZS47lo62d7lNyX8AhnW4g96ILNcLLsmI7O0T_WA0/w320-h181/SpaceX+vs+Nasa.png" title="Image from article" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p>A recent article on the website 'the conversation' compares and contrasts two rockets being developed for space travel: <i>SpaceX vs Nasa: who will get us to the Moon first? Here's how their latest rockets compare</i>, by Gareth Dorrian (Post Doctoral Research Fellow in Space Science, University of Birmingham) and Ian Whittaker (Senior Lecturer in Physics, Nottingham Trent University). Accompanying image is from the article.</p><p>Link to article: <a href="https://theconversation.com/spacex-vs-nasa-who-will-get-us-to-the-moon-first-heres-how-their-latest-rockets-compare-154199">https://theconversation.com/spacex-vs-nasa-who-will-get-us-to-the-moon-first-heres-how-their-latest-rockets-compare-154199</a></p><p>The first part of the article gives background information about rockets, and then describes first the SpaceX Starship and then Nasa's Space Launch System (SLS). From this information, students could look into the relative advantages and disadvantages further. For example, SpaceX's launch vehicle burns a combination of liquid methane and liquid oxygen, while NASA's SLS core stage contains liquid hydrogen and liquid oxyen.</p><p>"The <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">[</span>SpaceX launch vehicle's<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">]</span> rocket will provide 15 million pounds of thrust at launch" vs. Nasa: "The core stage of the rocket is augmented by two solid rocket boosters, attached to its sides, providing a total combined thrust of 8.2 million pounds at launch."</p><p>The final paragraph sums up the pros and cons of each:</p><p>"Ultimately it is a competition between an agency that has had years of testing and experience but is limited by a fluctuating taxpayer budget and administration policy changes, and a company relatively new to the game but which has already launched 109 Falcon 9 rockets with a 98% success rate and has a dedicated long-term cash flow."</p><p>Students could first compare their first impressions of the two approaches, and then gather information to support one or the other. In a classroom setting, a debate could be organized (SpaceX or Nasa?). In a distance-learning situation, students could submit their "argument" supporting the one they think will be the 'winner' and why. Fellow students with an opposing view could choose one to read and comment on.</p><p>Throughout the semester, students can follow updates about the two rockets since both SpaceX and Nasa are often in the news and on many scientific/technical websites. Areas to focus on are not only each rocket's advantages and disadvantages, but also the differences in innovation development between a private firm and a government agency.</p><p>The article has relevant examples of language used to compare and contrast. For example:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>but X is also</li><li>both X and Y are developing</li><li>which is approximately twice as much as</li><li>X and Y are both</li><li>their main difference from X is that</li><li>about 5% more than</li><li>which is smaller and lighter than</li><li>a task that current Xs are currently not capable of performing</li><li>so there is a higher cost with X, both in materials and environmentally</li><li>which is potentially more than</li><li>whereas</li></ul><p></p><p>There are also examples of the tenses that my students find most difficult to use.</p><p>Examples of the present perfect tense (which has no reference to a point of time in the past):</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>No-one <b>has visited</b> the Moon since 1972.</li><li>Nasa <b>has selected</b> the private company SpaceX to be part of its commercial spaceflight operations</li><li>Musk <b>has</b> also <b>stated</b> that a crewed Martian mission could take place as early as 2024</li><li>Ultimately it is a competition between an agency that <b>has had</b> years of testing and experience</li><li>a company relatively new to the game but which <b>has</b> already <b>launched</b> 109 Falcon 9 rockets</li></ul>Contrasted with simple past tense, with related past time reference underlined:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A <u>recent</u> test flight of the Starship prototype, the SN8, successfully <b>demonstrated</b> ... Unfortunately there <b>was</b> a malfunction in one of the Raptor engines and the SN8 <b>crashed</b> on landing.</li><li>three of which <b>were</b> used on <u>the previous</u> Space Shuttle</li><li>a test fire of the SLS core stage <b>was</b> stopped <u>a minute into</u> the eight-minute test</li></ul>There are many examples of the use of the simple present tense to indicate "something that is true in the present; that happens regularly in the present; that is always true" (according to the British Council website <a href="https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/present-simple">https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/present-simple</a>) -- Rockets <b>go</b> through multiple stages to get into orbit; the rocket <b>becomes</b> lighter; the Starship <b>flips</b> into a vertical position and <b>uses</b> its on-board Raptor engines; etc.<p></p><p>But my students find it more difficult to decide when to use the present progressive tense. So the examples from the article are very useful as illustrations of something happening currently:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>the firm <b>is</b> also <b>pursuing</b> its own space exploration agenda</li><li>both Nasa and SpaceX <b>are developing</b> new heavy lift rockets</li><li>The spacecraft <b>is maturing</b> rapidly</li><li>a task that current Nasa rockets <b>are</b> currently not capable of <b>performing</b></li><li>"I don't think we'<b>re</b> <b>looking</b> at a significant design change."</li><li>they <b>are running</b> #dearMoon - a project involving lunar space tourism</li></ul><p><br /></p>Finally, since the article includes information about planned future developments, there is the use of the future tense with "will": SpaceX's launch system <b>will be </b>comprised of two stages; the rocket <b>will provide</b>; it <b>will have</b> sufficient thrust; this <b>will lift</b> the spacecraft; etc. But the future is also referred to with the simple present tense and with phrases useful for students to learn:<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The upper stage <b>is intended to</b> lift the attached payload</li><li>The core stage and booster rockets <b>are unlikely to be </b>reusable</li><li>It is designed to <b>evolve to</b> larger stages</li><li>which is <b>potentially</b> more than Starship</li><li>Artemis 2 <b>is planned as</b> the first crewed mission</li><li>and <b>is expected to</b> launch in August 2023</li><li>a crewed Martian mission <b>could take place as early as</b> 2024</li></ul><p></p><p>The article ends with the sentence: "Whoever reaches the Moon first will inaugurate a new era of exploration of a world which still has much scientific value." This alone could provide much discussion or response: Who is likely to "reach the Moon first"; what the impact could be of "who" the first would be; what a "new era" would look like; what aspects of "exploration" would be the most useful or least harmful; and what examples of "scientific value" would be generated.</p><p><i style="font-weight: bold;">Bonus: </i>The article's website has a 2:21-minute film clip of the Starship SN8 High-altitude flight re-cap. There is no narration except for the voice counting liftoff, but the stages are labeled on the screen. There is also a labeled diagram of the stages of Nasa's SLS as well as the illustration comparing rockets that I have used for this post.</p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-54294263770679794192021-01-31T13:38:00.015+01:002021-01-31T14:20:57.118+01:00Explaining with comparison<p> A timely article on the website engineering.com is an excellent example of a way to explain a complicated idea to a non-specialist audience: <i style="font-weight: bold;">How One Virologist is Using Cheese to Explain Covid-19</i>. The title itself caught my attention, and I challenged my students to think of ways that cheese could be used this way before reading the article (they couldn't, but neither could I). </p><p>Link to article: <a href="https://www.engineering.com/story/how-one-virologist-is-using-cheese-to-explain-covid-19">https://www.engineering.com/story/how-one-virologist-is-using-cheese-to-explain-covid-19</a></p><p>In this blog, I've referred to using examples in texts to raise students' awareness of how to focus on audience when they write or present. One of the ways to explain a concept is to use comparisons to something the audience already knows. In this article, the comparison uses the example of stacked slices of Swiss cheese (a cheese with holes).</p><p>The article relates an idea of Ian M. Mackay, a virologist at the University of Queensland, who uses the example of Swiss cheese to explain why one defense alone against the Covid-19 virus is not effective, but that a variety of methods are:</p><p><span> "Imagine multiple Swiss cheese slices with their holes and all, each lined up one after the other. When </span>the cheese is stacked, it is hard to see what's on the other side. However, when you take some slices out of the stack, it becomes more visible. When applying this analogy to the COVID-19 pandemic, the layers can signify social distancing, masks, hand-washing, refraining from touching your face, avoiding crowded areas, testing and tracing, ventilation, government messaging, quarantines, and vaccines."</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibX9PtJN5NYoTf84Ys9owAVOTeXHD7MS2Im5FWiHgWJY3iZXtjBA-SKqZM40puhltAG_7x3joGg1D1lyrpZFFzQNwz-pcCvrovskj60zHsrpq7tHldDYrZfYRqv4mg4gI3ubCW21k5V0c/s680/Swiss+Cheese.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="680" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibX9PtJN5NYoTf84Ys9owAVOTeXHD7MS2Im5FWiHgWJY3iZXtjBA-SKqZM40puhltAG_7x3joGg1D1lyrpZFFzQNwz-pcCvrovskj60zHsrpq7tHldDYrZfYRqv4mg4gI3ubCW21k5V0c/w400-h219/Swiss+Cheese.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>The infographic above shows the idea, and is from Mackay's twitter account (<a href="http://pic.twitter.com/nNwLWZTWOL">pic.twitter.com/nNwLWZTWOL</a>).</p><p>As stated in the article, "The model aims to explain that there is no single intervention that can be the answer to solve the virus, as each layer has its holes or faults. Instead, society should adopt multiple methods to stop transmission of the virus."</p><p>The idea is related to the Swiss Cheese Model of Accident Causation, which comes from psychologist James T. Reason (in his book <i>Human Error</i>) and is said to "explain many disasters from the space shuttle Challenger Shuttle <i>(sic)</i> explosion to the Bhopal disaster, and the Chernobyl nuclear accident." In Reason's model, the slices of cheese are lined up so that the holes are in a straight line, leading to the buildup of the accident. The article has an image of Reason's model as well.</p><p>Engineering students can use the examples in this article to think of their own ways to explain a technical concept from their studies or work to a layperson. Particularly useful is the concept of <i>analogy</i>, which many of my students often have a difficult time understanding. Not only is there the analogy of aligned slices of Swiss cheese to explain how multiple actions provide a better defense against the virus, but there is also a quote from James T. Reason giving an analogy that compares active failures to mosquitoes:</p><p><span> "Active failures are like mosquitoes. They can be swatted one by one, but they will still keep coming. The best remedies are to create more effective defenses and to drain the swamps in which they breed. The swamps, in this case, are the ever-present latent conditions."</span><br /></p><p><span>The explanations themselves provide a template for students' writing or presentations:</span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span>Imagine ____</span></li><li><span>When applying this analogy to ____</span></li><li><span>the ____ can signify ____</span></li><li><span>____ are like ____</span></li><li><span>The ____, in this case, are ____</span></li></ul><br /><p></p><p>The article ends with: "This model is not widely accepted without its share of criticism due to its limitations in understanding the full scope of the pandemic; however, it can guide society toward a better understanding of the risks and tools to combat the virus in these unprecedented times."</p><p>In the same way, this example alone might not be enough to help students come up with their own ideas; however, it can guide them toward a better understanding of how comparisons can be used to explain technical information to a non-technical audience.</p><p><b>A Bonus: </b>Students can listen to the article being read by a male voice with an American accent by clicking <i>Listen to Story</i> at the top of the page. The recording is 5:21 minutes.</p>nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-32404275718653471322018-02-13T10:30:00.000+01:002018-02-13T10:30:37.601+01:00SpaceX's car in space<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpP1wmLDjf8ntXt3Ekmj9NE2_UImBm7kh-sAf66zDdfnvwZlSPtfm0nL7mDJ58gGoioBVdxE_s5Som9TYamrcgDG-micNm0wp9LW46FL6C4vEmnk3g_fvn1S8HkJlTOhchMiS9KVT2HB8/s1600/SpaceX+car+in+space.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="300" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpP1wmLDjf8ntXt3Ekmj9NE2_UImBm7kh-sAf66zDdfnvwZlSPtfm0nL7mDJ58gGoioBVdxE_s5Som9TYamrcgDG-micNm0wp9LW46FL6C4vEmnk3g_fvn1S8HkJlTOhchMiS9KVT2HB8/s400/SpaceX+car+in+space.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><span><span class="image on-image" data-post-image=""><span class="caption-source"><span class="caption"></span><span class="source"><span>Image: Elon Musk/SpaceX via Instagram</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="source"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/Be6VZEzgAEk/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This month SpaceX, Elon Musk's company, launched its Falcon Heavy rocket successfully, which is big enough news to discuss with my students. However, making it even more interesting is that the rocket launched a car into space. The car is a Tesla Roadster and it has a "starman" sitting in the driver's seat.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This topic is interesting for my engineering students for a number of reasons. First, they find Elon Musk to be an interesting entrepreneur and innovator - young, dynamic and not tainted by a bad corporate image. Then, this is about rockets, space, technology and cars - all things my students like to learn about. And this idea seems a bit crazy, unconventional. Finally, there are many implications for the future of the technology used and the successful launch of a non-government rocket.<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">There are many articles on all sorts of websites about
the successful launch of SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket. The one I have chosen is written in a
fairly conversational register, but also has useful technical vocabulary and
collocations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">The article is from The Guardian, titled <i>SpaceX oddity: how Elon Musk sent a car towards Mars.</i> The subheading is, "A Starman sitting in a tin can is currently navigating the heavens, soundtracked by David Bowie. How did it -- and we -- get there?</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Link: <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/07/space-oddity-elon-musk-spacex-car-mars-falcon-heavy">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/07/space-oddity-elon-musk-spacex-car-mars-falcon-heavy</a></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">In addition to the article, there are two further links; one to a video (1:37) "watch the launch of the Falcon Heavy rocket"; and to a graphic showing the path of the Falcon Heavy rocket (which is useful for description).</span> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The language material that seems useful is also related to description: adjectives, descriptive phrases, and expressions.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Since it is describing the sequence of events, there are also useful phrases of time:</span></span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">now the most powerful rocket</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">during the Apollo era</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">on Tuesday</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">on launch day</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">delayed for over three hours</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">minutes before countdown</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(don't clap) until you see</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">in the end</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">moments later</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">after that</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">not seen since the 60s</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">before liftoff</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">when (mission CRS-7) was lost</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">for more than a year</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">last February</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">as soon as this year</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">in the meantime</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Students can not only notice these phrases, but consider how they could be put in order so that they can relate the events differently.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">For relating the information, students can also notice useful collocations, such as:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">navigating the heavens</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(be) at the wheel</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">beam down</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">imprinted on (the circuit board)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">in orbit around</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">music playing on (the speakers)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(high-energy radiation belts that) circuit Earth</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">projected path</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">crash into (the planet)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">stay on course</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">drift through space</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">forcing (it) to close</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">propel into orbit</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Finally, there is material for discussion about the future impact of this launch. Elon Musk is quoted in the article as saying,</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"If we are successful, it's game over for other operators of heavy-lift rockets."</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB">He goes on to explain:</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB">“It’s like where one aircraft company has reusable aircraft and all
the other aircraft companies had aircraft that were single-use, and you’d sort
of <span>parachute out</span> at your destination
and the plane would crash land somewhere. Crazy as it sounds, that’s how the rocket
business works.”</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB">And the article concludes with the observation:</span></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB">"The Falcon Heavy's successful launch propels the dream into a new orbit. Plans include building a new space station above the moon, carrying new telecom or spy satellites, and shuttling people to deep space destinations."</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Students could have a lot of ideas about the impacts of these changes.</span></span></span>
nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-59205970440891943262017-09-20T09:23:00.001+02:002017-09-20T09:23:55.675+02:00Who is responsible?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQbC-m7_M3ZXoNF8ecjqP5p9SDgt-QoGeDNmKzwrjBeebyVlN9U1gqwywU-KpBQOqXqLGv7m5ocfa57voBZN0956GxMEftXvhAZHk-1cAHW3AKNb3VzDk94kX1SVQLqaNaCSa3nZ7NPlQ/s1600/who%2527s+responsible+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQbC-m7_M3ZXoNF8ecjqP5p9SDgt-QoGeDNmKzwrjBeebyVlN9U1gqwywU-KpBQOqXqLGv7m5ocfa57voBZN0956GxMEftXvhAZHk-1cAHW3AKNb3VzDk94kX1SVQLqaNaCSa3nZ7NPlQ/s1600/who%2527s+responsible+2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Visual from FRR website poll</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In my last post,I focused on the question, "What does 'responsible robotics' mean to you?" The answers presented were from seven members of the Foundation of Responsible Robotics (FRR). Taking into account those answers, as well as the input from students, the next step could be having students consider specific situations.<br />
<br />
On the website of the FRR there is a "poll" in which participants decide who or what is responsible for the error made.<br />
<br />
FRR home page: <a href="http://responsiblerobotics.org/">http://responsiblerobotics.org/</a><br />
<br />
Take the FRR poll: <a href="https://responsiblerobotics.org/frr-polls/">https://responsiblerobotics.org/frr-polls/</a><br />
<br />
Two different situations are shown; each has 3 pictures, cartoon-strip style (see visual above). The reader must choose who/what is responsible from 5 possibilities. It isn't possible to choose more than one (e.g., shared responsibility). After a choice is made, the cumulative results of choices are shown.<br />
<br />
An activity for speaking or writing could be to have students - alone or in pairs - relate each situation in words, based on the pictures shown.<br />
<br />
And, of course, they could each decide which choice they would make and give a short explanation of that choice. This would promote a lot of discussion if students disagree about who or what is responsible in each case.<br />
<br />
Here are the two situations:<br />
<br />
<i><b>Example 1: </b></i>The 3 pictures show the owner of a self-driving car at a repair shop. The car is repaired, and then when the driver is back on the road, he has an accident. Who/what is responsible:<br />
<ul>
<li>Self-driving car</li>
<li>Self-driving car manufacturer</li>
<li>Person in car</li>
<li>Repair shop workers</li>
<li>Repair shop</li>
</ul>
<br />
After the choice is made (only one choice is possible), the screen indicates the percentage of people who have chosen each one. Of course, these numbers change as other readers take the poll and choose differently. Check the link to take the survey to find out which options were chosen most.<br />
<br />
<i><b>Example 2:</b></i> The 3 pictures show a male and female worker in an auto factory with a robotic assembly line. They are drinking alcohol. The second picture shows the female worker sleeping (passed out?) at the control panel, while the male colleague (also apparently drunk) is having an accident with an industrial robot. In the third picture they are at the hospital, and the male worker has serious injuries. Who/what is responsible (with percentages on the day I made my choices):<br />
<ul>
<li>Robot (1.85%)</li>
<li>Female worker (39.35%)</li>
<li>Male worker (22.22%)</li>
<li>Robot manufacturer (9.49%)</li>
<li>Factory/employer (27.08%)</li>
</ul>
<br />
It is interesting to me that the male worker is considered to be less responsible than both his colleague and his employer, even though he must have known that he shouldn't be drinking on the job. Also, considering that his colleague was not conscious at the time of his accident, why did the majority consider her the most responsible of the list? Would the answers have been different if the workers were both male or both female, or if the genders were reversed?<br />
<br />
At a recent meeting with my colleagues, I presented the poll to them and made note of the results. The activity generated a lot of animated discussion, and a lot of disagreement about who was responsible in each situation. It was interesting to hear their explanations of their choices, since it gave me further understanding of how different students might interpret the situations.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>The first thing that became clear is that people interpret the information in the pictures differently. This, of course, would have an impact on what they think is happening and therefore who is responsible for what happened.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>The second thing is that everyone was limited in their decision by the lack of further information. There was a lot of "it depends...". For example, in the first situation, it is not known whether the need for repair was due to a fault by the car manufacturer or whether the repair shop workers did not repair the car well. This can be used to an advantage in the classroom, however, if students have to relate which further information they would need in order to make a decision.</li>
</ul>
<br />
I plan to have my robotics students take the survey to see how their choices compare with the results - and how they compare with my English-teacher colleagues. I'll also have my engineering students in other fields take the survey to see if students who are not studying robotics would answer differently from robotics engineers.<br />
<br />
Some possible further activities:<br />
<ul>
<li>Explain in words what is happening in the 3 pictures (speaking or writing).</li>
<li>Prepare this explanation for 2 different audiences (e.g., a formal memo to the boss about what happened; an informal email to a friend/colleague).</li>
<li>Class 'debate' in five groups; each group supports one of the choices.</li>
<li>Negotiation role play; teacher prepares role play cards. For example, for the first situation: self-driving car manufacturer; repair shop owner; repair shop workers; robotics ethicist; consumer action group representative; etc.</li>
</ul>
<br />
At the end of the explanation after the survey, it is stated, "We hope to add many more questions to this survey," so it will be interesting to keep checking this website.<br />
<br />
If readers of this blog post take the survey, or have their students take it, I would be interested to know what the majority choose, and how you react to those choices. Please upload your comments below.<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-13390419939617079732017-09-09T08:00:00.000+02:002017-09-09T08:00:03.411+02:00What is 'responsible robotics'?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc9nnSvapqxi578aWcEI57YZ7L40W90ZR1gkmrDPxPg4UYEnQIS2Q5BsDRcd02TdPxYh2KFgfdaY7ex_dYU2_9wrVRmLWpJQ7noAcne-mKJr5yp1JvMpGbUJ7GDVfQ-1iYVPFLDfRmxYs/s1600/responsible+robotics-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc9nnSvapqxi578aWcEI57YZ7L40W90ZR1gkmrDPxPg4UYEnQIS2Q5BsDRcd02TdPxYh2KFgfdaY7ex_dYU2_9wrVRmLWpJQ7noAcne-mKJr5yp1JvMpGbUJ7GDVfQ-1iYVPFLDfRmxYs/s1600/responsible+robotics-2.jpg" /></a></div>
The website of the Foundation of Responsible Robotics has a variety of material that is useful for lessons - and not only for robotics engineering students. The FRR's focus is on robotics, but their philosophy and mission are relevant for other areas of technology and engineering as well.<br />
<br />
From the <i>What We Do </i>section:<br />
<br />
"Mission: To promote the responsible design, development, implementation, and policy of robots embedded in our society. Our goal is to influence the future development and application of robotics such that it embeds the standards, methods, principles, capabilities, and policy points, as they relate to the responsible design and deployment of robotic systems.<br />
<br />
We see both the definition of <i>responsible robotics </i>and the means for achieving it as on-going tasks that will evolve alongside the technology of robotics. Of great significance is that the FRR aims to be proactive and assistive to the robotic industry in a way that allows for the ethical, legal, and societal issues to be incorporated into design, development, and policy."<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The link: <a href="http://responsiblerobotics.org/">http://responsiblerobotics.org/</a></span><br />
<br />
Of particular interest to me (since I am teaching a humanities subject to engineers) is the emphasis on the joint input from non-engineering fields.<br />
<br />
From the <i>Who We Are </i>section (in part):<br />
<br />
"The FRR is the only foundation dedicated to responsible robotics that <i><b>relies heavily on the humanities </b></i>to work together with robot designers and developers. We are a not-for-profit foundation established in Twente, the Netherlands. The FRR is comprised of ethicists, philosophers, legal scholars, roboticists, journalists, scientists, companies and others interested in investing in our goals." <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">[my emphasis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">]</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the <i>About Us</i> section is the area "Responsible Robotics." Seven members of the FRR answer the question, "What does 'responsible robotics' mean to you?" (in a video) in less than 50 seconds each (except for one speaker who speaks for 1 minute, 28 seconds). There are a variety of accents that include American, British, Italian and German.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Before listening, students could first consider how they would answer the question. Students in engineering disciplines other than robotics could also answer the question - or adapt it to their own field (e.g., what does 'responsible information technology' mean to you?). They could then compare their answers with those given. Many of these answers could also refer to the concept of 'responsibility' in other fields of engineering.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Since it's spoken (spontaneously?), it's not always perfect - grammar, repetitions, etc. So these are good examples of 'real' speech (i.e., not from films or from professional presenters) for students' listening practice.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The following is my own transcript (after listening to the answers many times!), so if there are any errors, it's my fault. The speakers are not identified on the FRR website, but for each speaker there is a link to youtube.com, and there I found each speaker's name and affiliation. The number in parentheses before each name is the length of time of the speaking.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>FRR members answering the question, "What does 'responsible robotics' mean to you?"</b></span><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(0.28) <i>Mark Coeckelbergh, Professor of Philosophy of Media and Technology at the University of Vienna. </i>RR means to me that you don't think about the ethics of technology afterwards, when the technology is already there, but you think about it beforehand. And you make sure that the designers, engineers, scientists, that they're aware of the ethical issues at the time when they're actually developing the technology.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(0:27) <i>Amanda Sharkey, Senior Lecturer and Associate Professor at the University of Sheffield.</i> Well, for me RR means looking into the benefits and the risks of robotics. So trying to anticipate what the risks might be so that we can avoid them. But also making sure that we don't miss out on the benefits.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(1:28) <i>David Gunkel, an American academic and Presidential Teaching Professor of Communication Studies at Northern Illinois University. </i>So RR to me means the following: I would take the word "responsible" and sort of break it up into its two components, which is "response" and "able." So when I think of RR I think of something that is responsible in that it can have the ability to respond to us and we in turn can have the ability to respond to it. And so responsibleness is not just about being accountable for something, but it's about being able to be social and about being able to take a certain kind of stance with regards to the sociality and your involvement in the sociality. And so we're looking now at a future and even a present where our machines are becoming more and more responsive. And they are listening to us, they are taking commands from us and they are doing things that we didn't anticipate them doing in the past. So, for example, the Tay AI, which was created by Microsoft, that was a responsible robot in that it was able to respond, but it had some difficulties with the assignment of responsibility because of the sort of racist tweets that it had circulated on the internet. So there is a difference there that I think is important that you actually hear in the word "responsible" that I think we have to mobilize and begin to think about in much more creative ways and much more critical ways.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(0:37) <i>Filippo Santoni de Sio, Assistant Professor in Ethics of Technology at TU Delft.</i> RR to me means robotics that keeps human values into account (<i>sic</i>). So traditionally robotics has been seen as a technical enterprise focusing on the efficiency and the technical quality of the artifacts. We think that robotics should promote also values like justice, responsibility, inclusion, privacy and whatnot. And this is particularly important in an age in which robotics is accelerating in a significant way.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(0:40) <i>Wendy Ju, Executive Director at the Center for Design Research at Stanford University and Assistant Professor of Information Science at Cornell Tech.</i> For me RR is really about thinking about all the different aspects of human culture and human life and taking that into account when we're designing a robot. So that the robot ... we're not constantly accommodating the technology, but technology is accommodating us and supporting us. And I think that's difficult to do because people, just are people ... you know, people are really different and we operate differently in all these different circumstances and there's all these interesting aspects of culture and behavior that need to be taken into account for (<i>sic</i>).</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(0:44) <i>John Sullins, Professor of Philosophy at Sonoma State University.</i> RR means to me the responsible design, use and deployment of robotics technologies in the various ways that they're going to be entering into society in the next generation, as things are going to really be changing and we need to really think through exactly how we're going to utilize these technologies and deploy these technologies and have them disrupt the things we want disrupted and keep safe the things that we want to preserve about our society.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(0:44) <i>Shannon Vallor, Professor of Philosophy of Technology at Santa Clara University, as well as president of the Society for Philosophy of Technology.</i> RR means to me a certain kind of practice, a way of thinking about robotics in which it's not about so much what we build, but what we're doing when we build robots, when we design them, when we think about who we're designing them for. So I think RR is about being responsible to others, being responsible <i>for</i> others through the practice of robotic design and engineering that seeks to develop technologies that can actually enrich human lives.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After listening to the speakers (and/or after reading the transcript), students could prepare a short explanation of their answer to the question - and present it impromptu to the class. This would give rise to further discussion about the different 'meanings,' including their response to each speaker's comment. What do most answers have in common? Which answer(s) are different from the others. Do the answers reflect in some way the speaker's position or place of work?</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For students who will one day be engineers, it is extremely important that they develop a clear idea of what 'responsibility' means to them.</span> nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-2034051754543360632017-09-02T11:32:00.000+02:002017-09-02T11:32:18.332+02:00Which engineering degree?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg45KCoKEFkTTK6Hh2kvtn4ZpyjsRpk9IWH_OjH_tv76HZBCq-iakNviKcQJBqgXBSUT3mZiugtn1PYTHO4dIYAXyWrYkjsuynxVFihjf4QoBoPz5SVlfluXGEk-Jm8Kkdj7eaXBisn7p8/s1600/Which+career-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="388" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg45KCoKEFkTTK6Hh2kvtn4ZpyjsRpk9IWH_OjH_tv76HZBCq-iakNviKcQJBqgXBSUT3mZiugtn1PYTHO4dIYAXyWrYkjsuynxVFihjf4QoBoPz5SVlfluXGEk-Jm8Kkdj7eaXBisn7p8/s200/Which+career-2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
In my last post, <i>The travelling engineer</i>, I suggested that the topic of engineering travel destinations would be good for discussion at the beginning of an academic semester that follows the summer holiday. A recent article I read provides a good topic of discussion for the beginning of semester - specifically, engineering students' first semester in their field of study. Why did they choose to study engineering, and how did they choose which particular field of engineering to enter? The article, <i>Which Engineering Degree Should You Choose?</i>, is on the website "Interesting Engineering."<br />
<br />
The link: <a href="http://www.interestingtechnology.net/which-engineering-degree-choose/">http://www.interestingtechnology.net/which-engineering-degree-choose/</a><br />
<br />
The introduction states, "The key to success in engineering is figuring out which degree path suits you best and which one will eventually lead you into a sustainable career." Presumably, students considered this when deciding which engineering degree they wanted to pursue. Incidentally, it would be interesting to have them explain what they think is meant here by a "sustainable" career (since the word has a number of meanings and connotations).<br />
<br />
The article then gives a brief description (one paragraph) of 6 engineering fields:<br />
<ul>
<li>biomedical engineering</li>
<li>chemical engineering</li>
<li>civil engineering</li>
<li>electrical engineering</li>
<li>manufacturing engineering</li>
<li>mechanical engineering</li>
</ul>
<br />
The descriptions generally include an explanation of what the field involves, the various industries it works in or with, examples of what engineers in this field do, and some positive aspects of the work.<br />
<br />
For engineering students who are beginning to study in one of these six fields, they could discuss such questions as:<br />
<ul>
<li>Why did they choose their particular discipline?</li>
<li>Do they agree with the description of their field in this article?</li>
<li>What would they change or add to this description?</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
Students who have chosen a field different from the six mentioned could write a short paragraph about their engineering field that follows the pattern of those in the article. Focus on:<br />
<ul>
<li>Common fields this type of engineer works in;</li>
<li>Description of what the discipline does or how it's used in the real world;</li>
<li>Some examples of what engineers in this discipline do;</li>
<li>Positive aspects of this discipline in particular.</li>
</ul>
<br />
To focus students on the correct use of verb tenses in their descriptions, they can notice the tenses used in the descriptions in the article. Mostly the present tense is used (to explain what is true about each field), but there is also the use of <i>will </i>to refer to the future (what students will be able to do as engineers). But there are also other phrases used that refer to the future. For example:<br />
<ul>
<li>This degree path could involve</li>
<li>If you decide to choose</li>
<li>If you want to</li>
<li>... you could always choose</li>
<li>... is forecasted to be</li>
<li>... you could end up working in</li>
<li>... where you can see yourself working for the rest of your life</li>
</ul>
<br />
The few uses of other tenses provide a contrast to the two tenses already mentioned.<br />
<ul>
<li>You <i>will</i> likely <i>be working</i> inside of a lab</li>
<li> Chemical engineering <i>has seen</i> huge growth</li>
<li>... electrical engineering is fast paced and <i>is</i> constantly <i>innovating</i></li>
<li>... a manufacturing engineer likely <i>had </i>something to do with it</li>
<li>While the manufacturing industry in many places <i>has</i> <i>hurt</i> in recent years</li>
<li>... students feeling like they <i>haven't focused</i> in on anything</li>
<li>... if you <i>haven't made it</i> that far</li>
</ul>
<br />
In the students' discussions or writing, it would be particularly empowering for them to notice the comment in the article's introduction:<br />
<br />
"Each specialty of engineering cumulatively contributes to nearly every aspect of our physical world."<br />
<br />
That thought should certainly assure them that they have made the best decision for themselves.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaDnTNXTEtfWwgziozD7-fAGLFhq6S_sTMbE0DJwwVii8ZFgNudiyXiJI0FpTKccZi0KE9syeDXSfFOp7QHTu3-5QC_uXP7QQLE6wNeZ-S8XDcO4CsbI1IwwZfvURaDXSpZPgz6ZVkexI/s1600/Which+career-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="191" data-original-width="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaDnTNXTEtfWwgziozD7-fAGLFhq6S_sTMbE0DJwwVii8ZFgNudiyXiJI0FpTKccZi0KE9syeDXSfFOp7QHTu3-5QC_uXP7QQLE6wNeZ-S8XDcO4CsbI1IwwZfvURaDXSpZPgz6ZVkexI/s1600/Which+career-1.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]-->nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-30664489662518967072017-08-27T11:15:00.001+02:002017-08-27T11:15:27.123+02:00The traveling engineerWhat would students consider to be the world's top engineering destinations? This could be an interesting question to ask at the beginning of the academic winter semester, when we often ask colleagues and students what they did over the summer holidays. Where would students choose to travel to see engineering wonders if they could go anywhere - and why the particular choice? Would it depend on which area of engineering they are specializing in? Where have they already been? After the students brainstorm answers, which destinations would they choose as the top five?<br />
<br />
This is the theme of the article, <i>Top 5 Engineering Destinations to See Before You Die</i>, on the website Interesting Engineering:<br />
<br />
Link: <a href="http://interestingengineering.com/top-engineering-destinations-to-see-before-you-die">http://interestingengineering.com/top-engineering-destinations-to-see-before-you-die</a><br />
<br />
As the introduction to the article states, "Whether they're world wonders or feats of modern engineering, all of these places possess certain awe-inspiring qualities sure to make your trip worth it."<br />
<br />
These are the five destinations chosen in the article (all images are from the Interesting Engineering article):<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXCq7WfWbNPiqf9-OJ8qq2zb_7zzlz1176NJHwlwiDJKiOyYwsD5GOryyjgDOIA0Sabf0ZLO4kC2kf9992vsrKWW1PCARN1fChheI_IIsF72Y08Q7Hqa1uDxwnkY0MW9UY0qFMy9i1oAo/s1600/Engineering+Destinations+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="800" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXCq7WfWbNPiqf9-OJ8qq2zb_7zzlz1176NJHwlwiDJKiOyYwsD5GOryyjgDOIA0Sabf0ZLO4kC2kf9992vsrKWW1PCARN1fChheI_IIsF72Y08Q7Hqa1uDxwnkY0MW9UY0qFMy9i1oAo/s200/Engineering+Destinations+1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<b>The Palm Islands, UAE</b><br />
<ul>
</ul>
These islands are described as an "incredible feat of engineering," but they also have negative effects on the environment. "The area surrounding the islands has seen increased coastal erosion and odd wave patterns. Sediment from the construction ultimately suffocated and injured many of the marine life around the area and reduced the sunlight allowed through the water." Students can research what effect this has had on the environment, compared with the benefits of residential development. In addition, the article mentions that since these islands are near Dubai, engineers should also see Burj Kalifa (but without giving specific information).<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmbLNopF8g5PplSsHUkBxu2i53BwWJzCzMaHEJuW5Y1HgxPfQTaGSGKyUjZi34ViGCFNHLXfEwyb9RV0Mq2idkfmw0T98OiFfhOMzNsHVD2fSOaYJHqUY33AOK9ArzCucQE2aKnN3SGC8/s1600/Engineering+Destinations+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmbLNopF8g5PplSsHUkBxu2i53BwWJzCzMaHEJuW5Y1HgxPfQTaGSGKyUjZi34ViGCFNHLXfEwyb9RV0Mq2idkfmw0T98OiFfhOMzNsHVD2fSOaYJHqUY33AOK9ArzCucQE2aKnN3SGC8/s200/Engineering+Destinations+2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<b>Taj Mahal, India</b><br />
<ul>
</ul>
I thought it was curious that the Taj Mahal was on this list, since I think of it as more of an architectural wonder and a highlight of Muslim art; but perhaps the engineering focus is on how it was constructed. "Construction of the giant stone structure required earthen ramps over a mile long leading up to the tomb in order to lift the large stones into place." This information could be compared to other structures that were constructed before the use of modern machinery.<br />
<br />
<b> </b><br />
<ul>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphx4_6Px2GqyFwdI8KVOfs8CXNjqdzrmbFsSoveZ7kPjtyras6-dzDeWGz-Vt2n4rc1CgQT3lW8i0d-OZfU9X_3BkHXa3r8mMUoWo2836npiJkGNs1nfUdoA6HQriPH6dQu7m-bib_A0/s1600/Engineering+Destinations+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="1200" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphx4_6Px2GqyFwdI8KVOfs8CXNjqdzrmbFsSoveZ7kPjtyras6-dzDeWGz-Vt2n4rc1CgQT3lW8i0d-OZfU9X_3BkHXa3r8mMUoWo2836npiJkGNs1nfUdoA6HQriPH6dQu7m-bib_A0/s200/Engineering+Destinations+3.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<b>The Great Wall of China, China</b><br />
<ul>
</ul>
This would probably be on many students' list. In the article, it is referred to as "one of the most prolific engineering feats of all time." Students could research how it was built, noticing that it was constructed in different sections over a period of about 1000 years. So there were many different types of construction methods used.<br />
<br />
<b> </b><br />
<ul>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-ZOU3-DgyWM8G0L7a1ObYhxRXDaesCOt2sXfQw79BW7bhWFV6xzV5E-6Dm9nv-WsjUltG9SoiDB371jmVciNX1Ue6PIH8tWcL5trGyzw2hPmA0CBPKHRsTrpeobLIFtlmPHZCZ4JR6TA/s1600/Engineering+Destinations+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="872" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-ZOU3-DgyWM8G0L7a1ObYhxRXDaesCOt2sXfQw79BW7bhWFV6xzV5E-6Dm9nv-WsjUltG9SoiDB371jmVciNX1Ue6PIH8tWcL5trGyzw2hPmA0CBPKHRsTrpeobLIFtlmPHZCZ4JR6TA/s200/Engineering+Destinations+4.jpg" width="193" /></a></div>
<b>The Panama Canal, Panama</b><br />
<ul>
</ul>
This canal has quite a dramatic history. "At the time and even up to modern standards, the canal was one of the most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken." Students can research what, specifically, these difficulties were - and how they were overcome. The article claims that "One of the most surprising facts about this engineering marvel is just how long it takes to traverse it." Looking at a map of Panama, students could speculate how long it takes a ship to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean (6-8 hours). What other "surprising facts" would they find in their research?<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCuDwpzhdRUdWroX6PD_rfV1JR6Zhygv49bGGukY32DCTWxZTG9gdIGkI5XECE_NJ9ibscbyesp42NhK2NUZO6OMwwftgKW1lKxKCmRVWjMNlE6GhAby2Co72gynOnfRYtjMAXQBdpSf0/s1600/Engineering+Destinations+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="768" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCuDwpzhdRUdWroX6PD_rfV1JR6Zhygv49bGGukY32DCTWxZTG9gdIGkI5XECE_NJ9ibscbyesp42NhK2NUZO6OMwwftgKW1lKxKCmRVWjMNlE6GhAby2Co72gynOnfRYtjMAXQBdpSf0/s200/Engineering+Destinations+5.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<b>The Hoover Dam, USA</b><br />
<ul>
</ul>
Students might not be as aware of this construction as they are of the other destinations on this list. As the article claimes, "While not presently anything to marvel over, the history surrounding the construction and documentation of the engineering places it at great importance to the history of engineering." This is rather tantalizing! Since there is no further explanation, students can find out themselves what makes this dam so important. This is also another example of an engineering feat that has had an impact on engineering.<ul>
</ul>
<br />
The description of each destination is rather short, but focuses on the reason it is on the list. Students could write short descriptions in similar style for other destinations they might have chosen. Special focus could be put on the top engineering destinations in students' own countries. And, of course, if students (or teachers) have visited any of these destinations, their further impressions could be added to the discussion.nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-61701286888349244602017-08-19T12:09:00.000+02:002017-08-19T12:09:37.600+02:00Two-bladed wind turbines - continued<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXekLVPeeGnmesrYHGTyGw8NmQGBgAE6PItaNV-Yr_S1p5RtfNOBBujFqOjtQQd2fnxwIfgvl5EtY0kVYHIALXqNk1K_vWIZTPEk9450No5-lEy0NSadKcLLEw1hdhwCQLASy7epDsUk8/s1600/Two-+vs+three-bladed+turbine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXekLVPeeGnmesrYHGTyGw8NmQGBgAE6PItaNV-Yr_S1p5RtfNOBBujFqOjtQQd2fnxwIfgvl5EtY0kVYHIALXqNk1K_vWIZTPEk9450No5-lEy0NSadKcLLEw1hdhwCQLASy7epDsUk8/s1600/Two-+vs+three-bladed+turbine.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo by Clark (on flickr)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In my last post (<i>Two-bladed offshore turbines</i>, 12 August) I wrote about an article that claimed two-bladed offshore turbines were more efficient and more economical than three-bladed turbines. I looked for further information, and found an article from the MIT Technology Review website that had been written earlier - in June 2014. It also presents support for the advantages of two-bladed turbines, particulary those offshore.<br />
<br />
The article is <i>Two-Bladed Wind Turbines Make a Comeback</i>.<br />
<br />
Link: <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/528581/two-bladed-wind-turbines-make-a-comeback/">https://www.technologyreview.com/s/528581/two-bladed-wind-turbines-make-a-comeback/</a><br />
<br />
Interestingly, despite the title, the article does not refer to two-bladed turbines having been used before, so it doesn't really focus on a "comeback." It focuses instead on the two-bladed model as being a recent "alternative." As a cross reference to the two-bladed turbine as being an earlier model, see the article by Martin Jakubowski in my last post.<br />
<br />
What makes this Technology Review article interesting for me is that it has much of the same support as the first article, as well as many of the same language features. Students could read the articles, then find the advantages that are mentioned in both. They can also compare the way the advantages are described in a cause-and-effect (or "impact") style. For example:<br />
<br />
<b>From Jakubowski's article:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>"...two-bladed rotors are <i>better suited for wind turbines</i> <b>because of </b>their flexible configuration -- namely, their attachement to the shaft by a flexible hinge. <b>This allows</b> the rotor to <i>have a second degree of freedom</i>. ... This flexible hinge <i>reduces the impact of cyclic loading</i> (fluctuating stresses and strains from the wind), and <i>strongly reduces wear and tear</i> -- fatigue -- on the components, <b>thus</b> <i>extending the lifetime</i> of the turbine."</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>From the Technology Review article:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>"Two-bladed turbines <i>cost less</i> <b>because</b> they use fewer materials. The removal of one blade <i>makes the rotor lighter</i>, <b>which in turn</b> makes it possible to place the rotor on the downwind side of the tower. ... Light, flexible rotors <b>translate into</b> further <i>materials savings</i> in the turbine's gearbox, tower and foundation."</li>
</ul>
<br />
The advantages of the two-bladed wind turbine mentioned in both articles are:<br />
<ul>
<li>reduced weight of rotor</li>
<li>lower material costs</li>
<li>lower operations and maintenance costs</li>
<li>easier to install</li>
<li>costs less to build</li>
</ul>
<br />
The articles mention a total of five disadvantages, and the one disadvantage they have in common is the louder noise:<br />
<ul>
<li>"slightly higher tipspeed noise"</li>
<li>It's louder, for one thing, in part because the blades spin faster"</li>
</ul>
but both articles mention that this disadvantage is not important for offshore turbines:<br />
<ul>
<li>"The only relevant disadvantages of the two-blade design ... are unimportant offshore."</li>
<li>"... although this isn't a problem offshore."</li>
</ul>
The language features I highlighted in my last post are also found in this article. By comparing the two articles, a number of the same features and phrases can be found in both.<br />
<br />
<b>Phrases for argumentation:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>By some estimates,</li>
<li>More importantly,</li>
<li>In fact,</li>
<li>According to,</li>
<li>For that reason,</li>
</ul>
<b>Collocations of technical advantages:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>grow faster</li>
<li>costs can be brought down </li>
<li>greatly improve the economics</li>
<li>cost twice as much as</li>
<li>generate as much power as</li>
<li>costing twice as much as</li>
<li>less than those of</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>
<br />
The linking and transition terms are also useful for students to highlight, since there are many in common in both articles, or terms that serve the same function. Just a few examples from the Technology Review article:<br />
<ul>
<li>same as</li>
<li>as much as</li>
<li>but</li>
<li>which in turn</li>
<li>in part because</li>
<li>because of </li>
<li>however</li>
<li>for that reason</li>
<li>rather than</li>
</ul>
<br />
There are also words of comparison, superlatives, as well as adverbs.<br />
<br />
I think that each article, or both articles compared, are good sources of information about two-bladed turbines as well as useful examples of argumentation and support, with relevant language features. It would be interesting for students to find further articles and sources of information about this turbine design for other comparisons.nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-16813499857170081592017-08-12T08:00:00.000+02:002017-08-12T08:00:11.496+02:00Two-bladed offshore turbines<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbACiRgXrNZGyvVC2WHEnjyaYZiiVhyphenhyphenux_EIHx6S0TmB2nXIxU0ejZ8xHqVFxAxeIct52AdNFjRLbXTFx5z91XL2NUNlQGBiepZWDc3eYzfvgR4uenS5zh2IsycogZsBclJ7o3QaGel-A/s1600/Two-bladed+turbine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1168" data-original-width="843" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbACiRgXrNZGyvVC2WHEnjyaYZiiVhyphenhyphenux_EIHx6S0TmB2nXIxU0ejZ8xHqVFxAxeIct52AdNFjRLbXTFx5z91XL2NUNlQGBiepZWDc3eYzfvgR4uenS5zh2IsycogZsBclJ7o3QaGel-A/s320/Two-bladed+turbine.jpg" width="230" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo from Seawind Ocean Technology</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Wind turbines have become very common across landscapes all over the world, and they all have three blades. I have never thought about why there are three blades, but I would have assumed that it's because there is a technical advantage to that particular configuration. In a recent article I read, however, the CEO of Seawind Ocean Technology, a wind turbine system development company, argues that for offshore wind turbines, two blades would be more economical and efficient.<br />
<br />
The article (June 2017) is an opinion piece on the website <i>Recharge</i>, which describes itself as "The global source for renewable energy news & intelligence." This website is a good source of material for engineers (and teachers of those engineers) who are working in renewable-energy industries. However, one must subscribe to the website to gain access to the articles. The author of the article, Martin Jakubowski, has fortunately also uploaded his article on <i>LinkedIn</i>, where I was able to access it.<br />
<br />
The article, "Two-bladed offshore turbines could cut the cost of energy by 50%":<br />
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/two-bladed-offshore-turbines-could-cut-cost-energy-50-jakubowski">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/two-bladed-offshore-turbines-could-cut-cost-energy-50-jakubowski</a><br />
<br />
It would be interesting to start a discussion with students about why they think wind turbines have three blades. Jakubowski says that, "Three blades did not become the standard due to technical considerations or a systemic approach to the fundamentals of wind turbines, but because of the trial-and-error approach of the industry's 'garage' pioneers in 1970s Denmark. The three-blade configuration simply worked, so was used repeatedly."<br />
<br />
He then goes on to explain why the two-bladed turbine is a better choice, particularly for offshore turbines. In this way, the article follows the conventions of an opinion essay, including many of the phrases used for presenting an argument, making a concession, and giving a rebuttal:<br />
<ul>
<li>And perhaps more importantly ...</li>
<li>..., but this shortfall is more than offset by ...</li>
<li>In fact, recent university studies have found that ...</li>
<li>It is also worth noting that ...</li>
<li>The only relevant disadvantages, ..., are unimportant offshore.</li>
<li>Studies show that ...</li>
</ul>
And a clear conclusion:<br />
<ul>
<li>While developers, financiers and insurers might initially be more wary of two-bladed offshore machines, the potential for increased reliability and LCoE reduction will be hard to ignore. The future will have two blades, not three.</li>
</ul>
<br />
In making his arguments, he uses many comparisons and phrases of cause and effect. Again, these phrases are very useful for students to notice when either writing or presenting support for opinion.<br />
<br />
Some examples (with my emphasis):<br />
<ul>
<li>...two-bladed rotors are <b>better suited for wind turbines because of their flexible configuration</b> - namely, their attachment to the shaft by a flexible hinge.</li>
<li><b>This allows the rotor to have a second degree of freedom</b>: to both rotate (first degree) and to teeter around the axis of the hinge like a seesaw (second degree).</li>
<li><b>This flexible hinge reduces the impact of </b>cyclic loading (fluctuating stresses and strains from the wind), and strongly reduces wear and tear - fatigue - on the components, <b>thus extending the lifetime of the turbine</b>. </li>
<li>The elasticity of this teetering hinge <b>also removes the need for</b> the blade pitch mechanism - the number-one source of failure in wind turbines - which controls the angle of the blades. Power output <b>can instead be closely controlled by simply </b>yawing (turning) the turbine into or away from the wind.</li>
</ul>
<br />
These are only a few examples; most of the article is written in this way, and is therefore a great source of such material. Notice, also, how the writing focuses on audience by explaining or defining terms that might not be known outside this particular field, e.g., <i>flexible configuration, cyclic loading, yawing.</i><br />
<br />
There are also many collocations that are useful for writing or speaking about other type of technical advantages (with repetitions of <i>produce, reduce, create</i>:<br />
<ul>
<li>produce energy from</li>
<li>created a market for</li>
<li>reduces the impact of</li>
<li>reduces wear and tear</li>
<li>extending the lifetime of</li>
<li>removes the need for</li>
<li>source of failure</li>
<li>controlled by</li>
<li>reduces the cost of</li>
<li>removes the need for</li>
<li>potential for increased reliability</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
Finally, there are many adverbs used in the article, which I particularly like to make my students aware of, since they tend not to use adverbs much in their writing (or confuse them grammatically with adjectives):<br />
<ul>
<li>simply</li>
<li>repeatedly</li>
<li>likely</li>
<li>arguably</li>
<li>largely</li>
<li>namely</li>
<li>strongly</li>
<li>closely</li>
<li>substantially</li>
<li>importantly</li>
<li>dramatically</li>
<li>costly</li>
<li>virtually</li>
<li>relatively</li>
<li>slightly</li>
<li>initially</li>
</ul>
<br />
There are also many useful linking and transition words, including those common to stating arguments (<i>rather than, due to, not ... but because of, yet, however, such as, namely, in fact</i>), but I will leave that to readers to identify. <br />
<br />
<br />
The only language aspect of the article that I wasn't happy with was the incorrect use of <i>less</i> instead of using <i>fewer</i> in the phrase <i>with less parts</i>. This, in fact, is the same kind of error my students make - using <i>less </i>for both count and noncount nouns. In this case, what would be the best course of action:<br />
<ol>
<li>change the error before giving the text to the students (good model)</li>
<li>leave the text as it is (authentic source)</li>
<li>tell students there is an error in the use of less/fewer and have them find it (raise awareness)</li>
<li>other choice?</li>
</ol>
<br />
It would be interesting for readers of this blog to give their point of view in the comments - whether engineers, engineering students, or teachers of engineering students.<br />
<br />nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-62386744165052562042017-08-04T17:16:00.000+02:002017-08-04T17:16:08.738+02:00SpaceX Falcon failure<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDIDjt2dOu63dsNQqApiSQS5oMNMMbwNnDbdlHUr5zP9NmYZrVaU1Ivx8-9bKcTGj3RcODVOr5y3hbjG8_cKIiNjhZz0TfjAffGmjAY_vq5L25S3sp21DKXFvIp3wdP3xvcDKeEYZ67YQ/s1600/SpaceX+Falcon+failure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDIDjt2dOu63dsNQqApiSQS5oMNMMbwNnDbdlHUr5zP9NmYZrVaU1Ivx8-9bKcTGj3RcODVOr5y3hbjG8_cKIiNjhZz0TfjAffGmjAY_vq5L25S3sp21DKXFvIp3wdP3xvcDKeEYZ67YQ/s1600/SpaceX+Falcon+failure.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SpaceX Falcon ready for takeoff</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I have written many posts about spacecraft launches; they're interesting topics for my students and they provide a lot of material for language used in technical subjects. A recent event - although an interesting technical topic - has, however, ended in failure.<br />
<br />
SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation) is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transport service company. In June it successfully launched two space missions. But the third planned launch on 3 July, the Falcon 9 rocket, was cancelled moments before the engines were to be fired up.<br />
<br />
There are, of course, many articles relating to this event. The two I will mention here come from the website "interesting engineering." The first article "SpaceX Scrubs Falcon Launch Due to Computer Issues" includes a webcast of the launch as it happened.<br />
<br />
The Link: <a href="http://interestingengineering.com/spacex-scrubs-falcon-launch-due-computer-issues">http://interestingengineering.com/spacex-scrubs-falcon-launch-due-computer-issues</a><br />
<br />
The webcast is noted to be 22 minutes long, but it doesn't actually start until the 4:26 mark. During the webcast, commentary is provided by John Insprucker, Principal Integration Engineer, who speaks clearly (and seems to have a mid-western American accent).<br />
<br />
It includes a bit of waiting at certain points, since it was filmed live. For example, at about the 15 minute mark, the launch is halted. It isn't until the 19 minute mark that some explanation is given, but merely that it was a "GNC-abort," which is described as an automatic computer abort. Further information will have to be used (students can gather this information as homework) to find out exactly what happened.<br />
<br />
Since the mission was aborted, there is a lot of vocabulary referring to aspects of this situation, including dfferent ways to indicate that the mission was halted. For example:<br />
<ul>
<li>scrubs the launch</li>
<li>due to computer issues</li>
<li>looked to continue its streak</li>
<li>got scrubbed</li>
<li>it was an issue with</li>
<li>computers halted the countdown</li>
<li>the mission was forced into a 24-hour scrub</li>
<li>plans to attempt it again</li>
<li>there won't be enough propellant left</li>
<li>losing a rocket for the sake of the payload</li>
<li>the frustrating scrubbed launch</li>
</ul>
<br />
There are also many different vocabulary items to indicate times and timing:<br />
<ul>
<li>in just nine days</li>
<li>at the last minute</li>
<li>just moments before</li>
<li>at that point</li>
<li>attempt it again tomorrow around 7:37</li>
<li>ever put into orbit</li>
<li>after this launch</li>
<li>neither location is set to have launches until</li>
<li>scheduled to</li>
<li>in a little over a week</li>
<li>is planned for August 10</li>
<li>when SpaceX will make a supply run</li>
<li>tomorrow's launch</li>
<li>after takeoff</li>
<li>this isn't the company's first time</li>
<li>around the 15-minute mark</li>
</ul>
<br />
The second article, "SpaceX Will Try to Launch the Intelsat 35e Satellite Again Today," gives more specific information about the mission and its payload, and has useful collocations.<br />
<br />
The link: <a href="http://www.interestingtechnology.net/watch-live-spacex-will-try-launch-intelsat-35e-satellite-today">http://www.interestingtechnology.net/watch-live-spacex-will-try-launch-intelsat-35e-satellite-today</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
Some examples of vocabulary that relates well to the first article:<br />
<ul>
<li>abort its mission</li>
<li>a technical glitch</li>
<li>set to deliver</li>
<li>attempt to land </li>
<li>ensure it reaches</li>
<li>a stabilized landing</li>
<li>stripped of its landing hardware</li>
<li>maximize its performance</li>
<li>reduce the overall weight</li>
<li>be launched from</li>
<li>be deployed</li>
</ul>
<br />
And vocabulary related to the description of the satellite's payload: <br />
<ul>
<li>deliver high-performance services</li>
<li>serve customers</li>
<li>placed into service</li>
<li>be redeployed to another ... location</li>
<li>conditioned to work</li>
<li>enables higher efficiency</li>
<li>improved throughput</li>
<li>composed of</li>
<li>manufactured by</li>
<li>take ... to the next level</li>
</ul>
<br />
The vocabulary describing aspects of the payload is simply "business" vocabulary, which connects well to this aspect of technology and engineering. It can be useful to recycle such vocabulary when reading or discussing any type of engineering business.nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-38270193524323543172017-07-15T14:44:00.001+02:002017-07-15T14:44:28.964+02:00Jupiter's amazing Red Spot<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsH5n_cH7c__DsVTKB5jVZnon3UFaOvoDIBMF3sugk52JSqRwj6ilLinfxqW6BKokJyUsdg5a8EVTD6yknsF5QFxPIipbeog7nbTOq2tXjWVRHLYuO0UjmdYsumZkptV3P4XUQ38DBPu4/s1600/Jupiter+red+spot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="620" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsH5n_cH7c__DsVTKB5jVZnon3UFaOvoDIBMF3sugk52JSqRwj6ilLinfxqW6BKokJyUsdg5a8EVTD6yknsF5QFxPIipbeog7nbTOq2tXjWVRHLYuO0UjmdYsumZkptV3P4XUQ38DBPu4/s320/Jupiter+red+spot.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NASA handout / Getty images</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The latest news about the Juno space probe (see my last two posts, <i>Juno's mission to Jupter </i>and <i>Juno's science instruments</i>) is that it recently flew over Jupiter's giant red spot and took amazing images of the storm it represents. An article in <i>The Guardian</i> reports the news using very enthusiastic language.<br />
<br />
The headline is "Jupiter's great red spot: Juno probe captures closest images yet of huge storm." The phrasing "closest ... yet" and "huge storm" reveals the importance of the development, and this phrasing continues in the article.<br />
<br />
Link to the article: <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/13/jupiter-great-red-spot-nasa-juno-probe-images-storm">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/13/jupiter-great-red-spot-nasa-juno-probe-images-storm</a><br />
<br />
Here are some of the examples in the text that indicate the journalist and the people interviewed see this event as a great experience (with my emphasis):<br />
<ul>
<li>captured <b>stunning</b> images</li>
<li>the <b>huge</b> storm</li>
<li><b>not only</b> the size of the tempest <b>but also</b> its <b>extraordinary</b> colour</li>
<li><b>stunning</b> detail</li>
<li><b>vast, swirling</b> feature</li>
<li>the <b>beauty</b> of them</li>
<li><b>works of natural art</b></li>
<li>the <b>closest</b> a spacecraft <b>has ever </b>flown</li>
<li><b>great </b>red spot</li>
<li>passing <b>as close as</b></li>
<li>the <b>giant</b> storm</li>
<li>probe <b>fundamental questions</b></li>
<li>and <b>even the nature</b> of the great red spot <b>itself</b></li>
<li>a lot of <b>mysteries</b></li>
<li><b> </b>This is actually <b>really neat</b></li>
<li>will <b>particularly </b>allow us to look and see what is <b>underneath</b></li>
<li>in <b>particular </b>we want to</li>
<li>we get a little <b>more insight</b></li>
</ul>
Students can be made aware of these examples to see how subjective language can be included in writing that is reporting news (objectively?).<br />
<b> </b><br />
Further examples of such language is even found on NASA's website.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot">https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot</a><br />
<br />
The first sentence of the article about Juno's flyby over Jupiter's red spot is:<br />
<br />
"Images of Jupiter's Great Red Spot reveal a tangle of dark, veinous clouds weaving their way through a massive crimson oval."<br />
<br />
Doesn't that sound rather poetic for a space agency? I plan to share this with my engineering students to see how they react - and then show them some of the images so that they can write their own descriptions.<br />
<br />
The <i>Guardian </i>article indicates that "Nasa releases raw data to public, enabling citizen scientists and experts to share their own processed versions of the images."<br />
<br />
One of the "citizen scientists" who processed images is Jason Major, a graphic designer from Rhode Island, USA. His comment on the NASA website:<br />
<br />
"It is always exciting to see these new raw images of Jupiter as they arrive. But it is even more thrilling to take the raw images and turn them into something that people can appreciate. That is what I live for."<br />
<br />
That is certainly enthusiastic!<br />
<br />
I like the idea of enabling my students to see what passion they can have for their interests and professional field - and this material enables them to see what language can be used to express that passion.<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: yellow; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: yellow;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-46339103752412735342017-01-20T11:41:00.000+01:002017-01-20T11:41:43.452+01:00Juno's science instruments<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUxrAJasM2Nr7YrtMpgu775-TQMmqDlGbBOpAEKhm1IKMmIney7TRe56Sq8jPWuXCfCAXPXeT21rjKopPHUWiedPauX-MgDspj4I7Fngd_Uloibgg2RFoeh0ScPbp11K3M6klZHWWQC7Y/s1600/Juno+instruments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUxrAJasM2Nr7YrtMpgu775-TQMmqDlGbBOpAEKhm1IKMmIney7TRe56Sq8jPWuXCfCAXPXeT21rjKopPHUWiedPauX-MgDspj4I7Fngd_Uloibgg2RFoeh0ScPbp11K3M6klZHWWQC7Y/s400/Juno+instruments.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The image from NASA's Juno website (Image credit NASA/JPL)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
My last post was on July 5, 2016 ("Juno's mission to Jupiter"). I know that it has been quite a while, but I'm now back to keeping in touch with other ESP teachers through this blog. I hope to - once again - post an idea about once a week.<br />
<br />
In that last post, I wrote about the Juno spacecraft mission that is orbiting the planet Jupiter until summer 2017. On NASA's website for the Juno mission there is a lot of specific information about the technical aspects of the spacecraft and of the mission.<br />
<br />
NASA's Juno mission website:<br />
<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html">https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html</a><br />
<br />
Section of website <i>Spacecraft and Instruments</i>:<br />
<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html">https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html</a><br />
<br />
The information from this section about what Juno's scientific payload consists of:<br />
<ul>
<li>a gravity/radio science system</li>
<li>a six-wavelength microwave radiometer for atmospheric sounding and composition </li>
<li>a vector magnetometer </li>
<li>plasma and energetic particle detectors (JADE and JEDI)</li>
<li>a radio/plasma wave experiment (Waves)</li>
<li>an ultraviolet imager/spectrometer (UVS)</li>
<li>an infrared imager/spectrometer (JIRAM)</li>
<li>a color camera (JunoCam) to provide the public with the first detailed glimpse of Jupiter's poles</li>
</ul>
<br />
Interesting practice for students would be to describe what these instruments do and/or how they work.<br />
<br />
The descriptions on the website section are short, but are good examples of how to succinctly explain the purpose/function of a scientific instrument. In addition, there are useful verb-noun collocations (which I have highlighted in boldface).<br />
<ul>
<li>Gravity Science and Magnetometers: <b>Study</b> Jupiter's <b>deep structure</b> by <b>mapping</b> the planet's <b>gravity field</b> and <b>magnetic field</b>. </li>
<li>Microwave Radiometer: <b>Probe</b> Jupiter's deep <b>atmosphere</b> and <b>measure</b> <b>how much water</b> (and hence oxygen) is there.</li>
<li>JEDI, JADE and Waves: <b>Sample electric fields</b>, <b>plasma waves</b> and <b>particles</b> around Jupiter to <b>determine</b> <b>how the magnetic field</b> is <b>connected to the atmosphere</b>, and especially the auroras (northern and southern lights).</li>
<li>UVS and JIRAM: Using ultraviolet and infrared cameras, <b>take images</b> of the atmosphere and auroras, including chemical fingerprints of the <b>gases present</b>.</li>
<li>JunoCam: <b>Take</b> spectacular close-up, color <b>images</b>.</li>
</ul>
<br />
There are also good examples of explaining the purpose or reason for certain features of the instruments' design. Some examples:<br />
<ul>
<li>... spinning <i>makes the spacecraft's ppointing extremely stable and easy to control</i>.</li>
<li>Juno will be the first solar-powered spacecraft designed by NASA to operate at such a great distance from the sun, <i>thus the surface area of solar panels required to generate adequate power is quite large</i>.</li>
<li>Before launch, the solar panels will be folded into four-hinged segments <i>so that the spacecraft can fit into the launch vehicle</i>.</li>
<li>Juno <i>will avoid Jupiter's highest radiation regions </i>by approaching over the north, ...</li>
<li>With a mission design that <i>avoids any eclipses by Jupiter, minimizes damaging radiation exposure and allows all science instruments to be taken with the solar panels facing the sun</i>, solar power is a perfect fit for Juno.</li>
<li><i>To protect sensitive spacecraft electronics</i>, Juno will carry the first radiation shielded electronics vault, a critical feature <i>for enabling sustained exploration in such a heavy radiation environment</i>.</li>
<li>This feature of the mission is relevant to NASA's Vision for Space Exploration, which <i>addresses the need for protection against harsh radiation in space environments</i> beyond the safety of low-Earth orbit.</li>
</ul>
<br />
While I tend to focus on useful language features of this information, my students find the information itself most interesting. And that, of course, increases their motivation to read the material.nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-90538684528368075512016-07-05T13:13:00.000+02:002016-07-05T13:13:43.193+02:00Juno's mission to Jupiter<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1DLzpsmQDDOAZILUKybp4sHRN3o3MuDY-zSA2XXtj7xGoX72fNm-vcCMPdmh0zjUwaObTPFM37fhRl7cTMckCNlJ-lyuvBVPa_VdXlaAXsADDtUl3zGV99TFNlL0otu-Rm9pY0LaU45A/s1600/Juno+spacecraft.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1DLzpsmQDDOAZILUKybp4sHRN3o3MuDY-zSA2XXtj7xGoX72fNm-vcCMPdmh0zjUwaObTPFM37fhRl7cTMckCNlJ-lyuvBVPa_VdXlaAXsADDtUl3zGV99TFNlL0otu-Rm9pY0LaU45A/s1600/Juno+spacecraft.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Juno spacecraft (NASA photo)</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="story-body-text">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Today (July 5, 2016), NASA's Juno spacecraft successfully started the main phase of its mission by entering Jupiter's orbit. The spacecraft<span lang="EN-US"> was launched in August 2011 with the mission of orbiting Jupiter to study the planet below the level of its clouds. An article in <i>The New York Times,</i> "Juno Enters Jupiter's Orbit, Capping 5-year Voaage," explains the importance of studying the planet Jupiter:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<br /></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">“Jupiter,
most likely the first planet formed after the sun, is believed to hold the keys
to understanding the origins of our solar system. How much water it contains
and the possible presence of a rocky core could reveal where in the solar
system Jupiter was created and provide clues to the early days of other
planets.”</span></span></span></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<br /></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Article: <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html?action=click&contentCollection=Science&module=Trending&version=Full&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article">http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html?action=click&contentCollection=Science&module=Trending&version=Full&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article</a> </span></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<br /></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The topic is certainly of interest to engineering students, and of particular interest for those whose area of study is solar power, the spacecraft is powered by solar panels (see also my previous post, "Solar power for Business English," June 7, 2016).</span></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<br /></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The website of the article has plenty of extra features that can be used in the classroom. My favorite is the "Interactive Feature" <i>Jupiter and its moons:</i></span></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="story-body-text">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/07/01/science/space/jupiter-and-its-moons.html">http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/07/01/science/space/jupiter-and-its-moons.html</a></span></div>
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
addition to information about the planet’s moons (with spinnable maps of
Jupiter and the Galilean moons), there is a video (3:51) about the Juno mission
from launch to orbit. It is narrated clearly and slowly, and although there is
some background music, it is not loud or distracting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Since
the article describes the spacecraft’s mission, there is a lot of vocabulary
describing movement and location.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Expressions of movement & location:</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>DE</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enters </b>Jupiter’s orbit</span></li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ducking through</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> intense belts of violent radiation</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">as it
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">skimmed over</b> the clouds </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">spacecraft
on Monday finally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clinched its spot in</b>
the orbit </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">left
it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in the grip of</b> its desired orbit</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">spacecraft
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to enter orbit around</b> Jupiter</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">spacecraft
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spent eight years there</b> surveying
the planet</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a
probe that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parachuted into</b> Jupiter’s
atmosphere</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the
tools that Juno does <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to delve into</b>
what lies beneath Jupiter’s clouds</span></li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ensnared by</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Jupiter’s gravity</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accelerated quickly to</b> its rendezvous
with Jupiter</span></li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">passing within the orbit of</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Callisto and Ganymede</span></li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">it zoomed past</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> the other two</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“We’re
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">barreling down on</b> Jupiter really
quick”</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">passed over</b> Jupiter’s north pole and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">through</b> a region</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">electrons
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bouncing back and forth </b>at nearly
the speed of light</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“They
will <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">go right through</b> a spacecraft
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strip the atoms apart</b> …”</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno’s
main engine <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">began firing</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slow the spacecraft enough</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">be captured by</b> the planet’s gravity.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno
also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">passed through</b> the plane of
Jupiter’s diaphanous rings.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">even
a piece of dust <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colliding with</b> a
spacecraft <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moving at</b> 130,000 m.p.h.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">passed within</b> 2,900 miles of Jupiter’s
cloud tops.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“what we’<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re
targeting</b> is a space …” </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“We’re going <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to hit that within</b> 1.2 seconds after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a journey of</b> 1.7 billion miles.”</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Then
Juno was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">headed outward</b> again, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">away from</b> Jupiter.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the
spacecraft still had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to pivot so that</b>
</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">it
will <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swing back</b> for its first good
close-up</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno
will <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fire its engine</b> again on Oct.
19 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to move to</b> a 14-day orbit</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
spacecraft will have to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">make multiple
flybys</b></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">each
time Juno <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">zooms past</b> Jupiter</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno
will <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pass through</b> the more violent
portions</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno
is to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">make a suicidal dive into</b>
Jupiter</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">possibility
of Juno’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crashing into</b> Europa</span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The vocabulary referring to tools and instruments is also very useful:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno's instruments are <b>designed to precisely measure</b> the magnetic and gravitational fields of Jupiter and <b>the glow of microwaves emanating from</b> within. That, for instance, will <b>give hints about</b> storm systems like the visible Great Red Spot.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno has been on its own since Thursday, <b>performing a programmed sequence of actions</b></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">could have <b>knocked out the computer</b> and other electronics</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b> </b>a titanium vault built for Juno <b>proved up to the task of</b></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno's <b>main engine began firing to slow the spacecraft</b> enough to <b>be captured by the planet's gravity</b>.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b> </b>After the <b>end of the engine burn</b>, the spacecraft still had <b>to pivot</b> so that its <b>solar panels were again facing the sun</b>.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno's three <b>30-foot-long panels with 18,698 solar cells generate a mere 500 watts to power</b> the spacecraft and its instruments.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Its <b>scientific instruments</b>, which had been <b>turned off</b> for the arrival at Jupiter, will be <b>turned back on</b> in two days.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juno will <b>fire its engine</b> again on Oct. 19 to move to a 14-day orbit when <b>the science instruments begin</b> in earnest.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The <b>assault of radiation </b>each time Juno zooms past Jupiter will <b>take its toll on the electronics</b>.</span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finally, in discussing what could have gone wrong and what it is hoped will be discovered, there is useful vocabulary as well:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jupiter,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">most likely</b> the first planet formed
after the sun, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">is believed to</b> hold
the keys to understanding the origins of our solar system. How much water it
contains and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the possible presence of</b>
a rocky core <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">could reveal</b> where in
the solar system Jupiter was created and provide clues to the early days of
other planets.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In
this belt of radiation, electrons bouncing back and forth at nearly the speed
of light <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">could have knocked out </b>the
computer and other electronics.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Although
the mission planners had chosen a place that they thought would be clear, they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">could not be certain</b>, and even a piece
of dust colliding with a spacecraft moving at 130,000 m.p.h. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">could have caused</b> considerable damage.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">With
a different vantage point from Juno’s polar orbit, Juno’s cameras <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">are likely to</b> add to the number of
known moons of Jupiter, now totaling 67. “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I
expect that</b> we will see some, and the number will keep going up,” Dr.
Bolton said.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">That
is to ensure that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">there would be no
possibility of</b> Juno’s crashing into Europa, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regarded as one of the likelier places </b>for life elsewhere in the
solar system, …</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even
in the best outcome, the mission <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">might
be extended</b> a few months.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For more information about the spacecraft and its mission, the NASA website for Juno is:</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html">https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html</a> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-30966575623210524502016-06-07T08:47:00.000+02:002016-06-07T08:47:15.891+02:00Solar power for Business English<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAQD9lBfAc0WkzSD_gEwn2rBrTP8eNqsFL7sJv_xTqeTu9UFysnIsvHuwn2hhAYZbP9jCdr_YRx0BSLKdXyi7AVrqp1OYBImuacM2y8K1h1DtzXS9fGKUHagt67tupUgpBrkWo3JPYEcc/s1600/Solar+Power+is+cheaper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAQD9lBfAc0WkzSD_gEwn2rBrTP8eNqsFL7sJv_xTqeTu9UFysnIsvHuwn2hhAYZbP9jCdr_YRx0BSLKdXyi7AVrqp1OYBImuacM2y8K1h1DtzXS9fGKUHagt67tupUgpBrkWo3JPYEcc/s1600/Solar+Power+is+cheaper.jpg" /></a></div>
A recent article about the decreasing costs of rooftop solar panels is not only a good source of information about the current state of the industry, but is also a good example of business writing.<br />
<br />
The text is fairly short (331 words), but has language referring to increase and decrease, phrases incorporating statistics, as well as comparisons between the past and the present.<br />
<br />
In addition, there is a graph included that can be used to practice "graph language" -- helping students learn how to explain information from a graph in either speaking or writing.<br />
<br />
The article is <i>Rooftop solar is getting dirt cheap. That's good news for consumers, but trouble for businesses</i>:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/rooftop-solar-growing">http://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/rooftop-solar-growing</a><br />
<br />
Here are some examples of useful language from the text.<br />
<br />
<i><b>Vocabulary for expressing change/comparisons:</b></i><br />
<ul>
<li>flourishing</li>
<li>grow by</li>
<li>compared to</li>
<li>by more than</li>
<li>as much as</li>
<li>is comprised of</li>
<li>grew </li>
<li>eclipsed</li>
<li>slashed</li>
<li>less</li>
<li>at least as much as</li>
<li>plummet to less than</li>
<li>fluctuations</li>
<li>was/were down</li>
<li>dropped</li>
<li>ranging from ... to</li>
</ul>
<i><b>Specific business vocabulary (with collocations): </b></i><br />
<ul>
<li>consumers</li>
<li>businesses</li>
<li>solar energy</li>
<li>market is flourishing / should grow</li>
<li>low prices</li>
<li>stocks have plummeted</li>
<li>global solar energy was installed</li>
<li>momentum</li>
<li>capacity</li>
<li>utility-scale installations</li>
<li>residential capacity has grown</li>
<li>costs were slashed</li>
<li>caused ripples in the market</li>
<li>traditional business model</li>
<li>leading companies</li>
<li>leasing</li>
<li>gear</li>
<li>generate energy</li>
<li>customers</li>
<li>lease an installation</li>
<li>pay less / pay as much as</li>
<li>local utility</li>
<li>make a profit</li>
<li>profit on the interest</li>
<li>afford to pay</li>
<li>upfront costs</li>
<li>owned</li>
<li>third-party</li>
<li>forecast is backed by</li>
<li>current market fluctuations</li>
<li>stocks were down</li>
<li>dropped its program</li>
<li>running shorter loan programs</li>
</ul>
<br />
Much of this vocabulary can be used to describe the information in the graph (eg., stocks have plummeted, market fluctuations, plummet to less than, fluctuations).<br />
<br />
This is the graph that accompanies the text (Credit: GTM Research):<br />
<i> </i><br />
<img alt="" height="173" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="400" /><br />
<br />
There are also good examples of the present perfect and past tenses that illustrate the difference between the two when referring to the past: use of the simple past when there is a definite past time; use of the present perfect to refer to the past without a definite time. These are two tenses that my students often confuse.<br />
<br />
<i><b>Uses of present perfect and simple past tenses:</b></i><br />
<ul>
<li>Solar energy <b>has become</b> dirt cheap</li>
<li>stocks <b>have plummeted</b> by more than 50 percent</li>
<li>residential capacity <b>has</b> also <b>grown</b> a lot</li>
<li>As much as 85% of the global solar energy <b>was installed</b> within the past five years</li>
<li>The residential solar market <b>grew</b> 66 percent year-over-year</li>
<li>But because installation costs <b>were slashed</b>, this <b>has caused </b>ripples in the market.</li>
<li>In 2014, 72 percent of all rooftop solar <b>was owned</b> by a third party.</li>
</ul>
Another useful grammar focus is the use of the present progressive tense. My students think it is used for referring to actions "happening at the moment," but do not realize that it is used more often for situations or actions taking place currently or for current trends (not necessarily "at the moment of speaking").<br />
<br />
<i><b>Examples of the present progressive tense:</b></i><br />
<ul>
<li>rooftop solar <b>is getting</b> dirt cheap</li>
<li>the market <b>is flourishing</b></li>
<li>the low prices <b>are making</b> a lot of rooftop residents jubilant</li>
<li>the kind of momentum we'<b>re talking</b> about</li>
<li><i><b> </b></i>(the company) <b>is </b>now <b>running</b> much shorter loan programs</li>
</ul>
<br />
Other examples of tenses in the text are the use of the present tense for statements of fact, the use of the future with <i>will</i>, and the use of the conditionals <i>would, should, </i>and<i> can.</i><br />
<br />
For such a short text, there is a lot of material here for Business English.<i><br /></i><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2161371904771114725.post-62311344770014203822016-04-06T14:32:00.000+02:002016-04-06T14:32:11.866+02:00iLet - a "bionic pancreas"<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqw2tT8HX3vSVnrWhw0cdIoUwKn4Y4wSimNGjju9b8aNFJm1QmRklN-Zkw-YQMM3C9vJjUANYofobffitQrlpmjpMbc1c22f4XsdwIzwgLg6ZpXk92c4A6RbQMw-gHthPRf3SNnNSkjtE/s1600/iLet+bionic+pancreas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqw2tT8HX3vSVnrWhw0cdIoUwKn4Y4wSimNGjju9b8aNFJm1QmRklN-Zkw-YQMM3C9vJjUANYofobffitQrlpmjpMbc1c22f4XsdwIzwgLg6ZpXk92c4A6RbQMw-gHthPRf3SNnNSkjtE/s1600/iLet+bionic+pancreas.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The iLet (photo from <i>Time</i>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Recently my biomedical engineering students had projects reporting recent innovations in their field that they were interested in. One of the students chose to write about the iLet - a bionic (or artificial) pancreas from the company Beta Bionics. The pancreas regulates the level of blood sugar, and so an artificial pancreas that makes this process automatic would make a big difference in the life of diabetics.<br />
<br />
A recent article in <i>Time </i>magazine reports on this innovation. The article is short and fairly simple, but offers a variety of interesting language features that would be useful for students writing news or a report about an innovation.<br />
<br />
Link to article, "The Bionic Pancreas is Getting Closer to Reality":<br />
<a href="http://time.com/4278068/bionic-pancreas-company/?xid=newsletter-brief">http://time.com/4278068/bionic-pancreas-company/?xid=newsletter-brief</a><br />
<br />
The website includes a video (2:57) that explains the story behind the development of the device, and how it works. It is explained by the developer, Ed Damiano, a professor of Biomedical Engineering at Boston University, USA. The speaking is clear and at a good tempo, with no loud or distracting background music.<br />
<br />
There are a few informal phrases in the article that my students didn't know, but were able to figure out in context:<br />
<ul>
<li>the race is on for</li>
<li>(he) has spun (his academic research) into</li>
<li>secured $5 million from</li>
<li>(the company) is in the game </li>
<li>a twenty-four-seven deal</li>
</ul>
<br />
There are useful contrasts of verb tenses, including the use of the present progressive to indicate a trend or something happening currently (not necessarily at the "moment of speaking," as my students usually assume):<br />
<ul>
<li>a professor ... who <b>is developing</b> a bionic pancreas</li>
<li>People with diabetes <b>are </b>constantly <b>tracking</b> and <b>adjusting</b> their blood sugar</li>
<li>Other research groups <b>are developing</b> similar technology</li>
<li>we'<b>re getting</b> closer</li>
</ul>
<br />
There are also uses of both the simple past and present perfect tenses, which my students often confuse:<br />
<ul>
<li>announced at the annual meeting that he<b>'s launched</b> a company</li>
<li>(he) <b>has spun</b> his academic research into ...</li>
<li>Recently, Beta Bionics <b>secured</b> $5 million from ...</li>
<li>Damiano <b>was inspired</b> to ...</li>
<li>...his son David <b>was diagnosed</b></li>
<li>Damiano <b>incorporated</b> Beta Bionics as a benefit corporation</li>
<li>researchers... <b>announced</b> in January that ...</li>
</ul>
<br />
Finally, there are three very good examples of how to incorporate an explanation into writing:<br />
<ul>
<li>People with diabetes are constantly tracking and adjusting their blood sugar with insulin or food. <i>A bionic pancreas would automate that process</i>.</li>
<li>Damiano incorporated Beta Bionics as a benefit corporation. <i>A benefit corporation allows companies to have a protected public-benefit mission. "It's a for-profit organization but you are allowed to make management decisions that are in the interest of your mission that may or may not maximize return of equity to shareholders</i>," explains Damiano.</li>
<li>One of the differences between Beta Bionics' device and others is that instead of offering automated insulin delivery only, Beta Bionics' also releases glucagon, <i>which allows poeple to bring up their blood sugar without eating a snack</i>.</li>
</ul>
<br />
As always, I find it useful to combine an article about something that students find interesting with my focus on their language development - especially features that they can use in their own writing or presentations.nontechieteacherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02737863639304297684noreply@blogger.com0